Session R03: New Directions and Alternative Theories

Copernican Cosmological Principle Reviewed with Unrecognized up-to-now the Dark Energy Influence

Modern telescopic studies including the Hubble Ultra Deep field studies and the  NASA’s COBE satellite measurements along with the scanning electron microscope findings, and further much unrecognized up-to-now dark energy influences, shed much new light from micro to macro on this Copernican Principle changing our description of our universe.   

Can relativistic beaming of gravity explain the surprising results of the James Webb Space Telescope Deep Field regarding the early universe?

The hypothesis of gravitational beaming says that compact objects such as supermassive black holes, stellar mass black holes and neutron stars, if their cores are rotating near the speed of light, emit approximately 1/r gravitational force into their rotational plane.  If SgrA* participates in this process, then it would be interesting to see what would be the long-term effects on the S stars orbiting SgrA*.  I wrote a MATLAB program using the impulse approximation to calculate the change in the orbital elements that would result from each crossing of the orbital plane.  Then I examined the expected change in the orbits of various S stars.  Some S stars orbits degraded, indicating that supermassive black holes may be active feeders.  Other S stars orbits gained energy and became more radial, ultimately reaching escape velocity.  These S stars would apparently then enter radial orbits of the center of mass of the bulge.  These results suggest that in the early universe, supermassive black holes, as active eaters, would grow faster that predicted by ΛCDM theory, and that they would actively form bulges or elipticals around themselves, leading to early formation of mature galaxies.  Additionally, since the S stars escaping SgrA* would do so at the escape velocity of the black hole, this could lead to a solution of the enigmatic M_bh -σ relation.    

The holoverse

In the holoverse model, our universe is inside an extremal Kerr black hole. The black holes inside our universe contain smaller universes (endoverses) which contain smaller black holes, and so on. Our black hole is contained inside a larger universe (our exoverse) inside a larger black hole, and so on. This structure of nested black holes comprises the holoverse. The angular momentum vector of our black hole can be identified with the axial vector responsible for the handedness of the weak interaction. Parity is violated in one direction in the top half of the black hole, and is violated in the opposite direction in the bottom half. These opposite violations cancel, resulting in the overall conservation of parity. Matter and antimatter balance similarly. The quantum gravitational association between angular momentum and the weak interaction is experimentally testable here on Earth. For example, one might measure variations in parity violation with respect to varying angular momentum. Several experiments along these lines have already been performed, with results consistent with the holoverse model. Similar quantum gravitational considerations apply to the strong force. The holoverse model is derived from the theory of absolute gravity.   

Dynamic Cosmology

An analysis proves the dynamic effect to be substantial for the expanding universe, a deviation from the standard Friedmann equation. This is due to the relative motion in terms of the proper distance of matter and energy during the expansion according to Hubble’s law. With the resulting dynamic critical density (DCD) that is greater than the critical density of the Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model, the hypothetical cold dark matter (CDM) is identified as being a dynamic effect that is not accounted for by the Friedmann equation. The cosmic expansion can now be predicted mainly with two compositions, matter and dark energy (i.e. the cosmological constant); hence the ΛCDM model is replaced by the dynamic Λ model with the dynamic effect replacing the CDM. Two methods enable the analysis. The first method uses an ad-hoc special-relativistic (SR) extension of the Newton’s gravity. The second method uses a more formal SR extension of the Friedmann equation derived from the general relativity by explicitly incorporating the Lorentz factor. The DCDs predicted by the two methods agree within 1.2% of each other, a convincing result. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first time a dynamic effect has been incorporated into the Friedmann equation.   

Derivation of Dark Matter, Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant as Features of Space-Time

*PETER H. HANDEL, KLARA E. SPLETT, *University of Missouri-St. Louis — Einstein's equation contains gravitational field potentials g_mn on bot sides. As we showed [1], this caused ballooning of gravitational field energy and mass to about five time the ordinary matter of all observable universe. We identify this mainly self-sourced coherent gravitational field energy and mass as universal dark matter (DM). It attaches to any classically derived Newtonian gravitational field g a DM density r=lgg'²=1.39g 10^-16 g/cm³. The Tully-Fisher relations fix the numerical value of this DM key. g'² symbolizes the energy density of the coherent gravitational field of the observable universe (OU). The resulting DM cumulative galactic halo mass M< increases linearly with the distance r from the galactic center. It keeps the orbital speed of stars and gas constant. For a flat OU our DM key yields [2] a Lambda of 1.08^.10^-56 cm^-2 and a dark energy density of 5.8^.10^-30 g/cm³. These are in good agreement with the observed dark energy density value known to be r_L =5.96 10^-30 g/cm³.

[1] P. H. Handel and K. E. Splett, Calculation of dark matter as feature of space-time, "Foundations of Physics" 2023, DOI 10.1007/s10701-023-00705-x

[2] P. H. Handel and K. E. Splett, Derivation of dark matter, dark energy and the cosmological constant as features of space-time, submitted to Phys. Rev., 2023   

Spiral galaxies do not need dark matter to describe their rotational velocities

We show [1] using integral techniques from fluid mechanics that there is no need for `Dark Matter’ or `Alternative Gravity' to explain `anomalous' galactic rotational velocities.. The integral momentum balance equation reduces to a simple balance between the product of momentum thickness, say z<sub>m</sub>, times (V<sub>φ</sub><sup>2</sup> - V<sub>r</sub> dV<sub>r</sub>/dr) and 4 π G times the integral of the `two-dimensional' baryonic density times r of stars and/or dust. The coupling between stars and dust has been included by using the mass conservation equation. The integral on the right-hand side is asymptotic to the total mass in the galaxy; and the momentum thickness times velocity-squared term is proportional to 2 G M_tot where M_tot is the total mass in the galaxy.

We also carry out an equilibrium similarity analysis and find two similarity regimes: one in which both z_m and the velocities are asymptotically constant; and the other in which z_m increases linearly while the velocities are power laws in r. The Triangulum Galaxy (M33) and the Milky Way show both similarity regimes. The integral equation results describe well both the shape and magnitude of the velocity measurements, even at large radius. `Velocity Mean Streamlines' computed for the Milky Way are log spirals, consistent with the equilibrium similarity analysis.

[1] George, W.K. and T.G. Johansson (2023) ``Fluid Mechanics of Isolated Spiral Galaxies'', http://www.turbulence-online.com/Publications/A_Fluid_Mechanics_Solution_Galaxy_Rotation_Problem_Oct_2023_final_Version_3LP.pdf   

Conservation of energy, thermodynamics and cosmology models

       Lamba CDM and similar cosmology models apparently do not conserve energy, but it is unresolved whether this is correct and consistent with theory.  Conservation of energy in the context of the Friedmann equations is discussed including whether energy is a well-defined quantity and what condition for energy conservation would apply.  The evidence for conservation of energy includes that the first law of thermodynamics can be derived directly from the Friedmann equations, and from consideration of Noether’s theorem.  An expanding volume of photons loses energy, and a similar volume of dark energy gains energy which is inconsistent with conservation of energy. The source and possible resolution for this apparent contradiction are discussed in terms of the thermodynamics of an expanding volume of the universe. ΛCDM and other similar models do not properly account for the thermodynamic pdV work done during the adiabatic expansion. Quantitative analysis shows that the pdV work released by photons is remarkably close to the known quantity of dark matter, indicating that there is a direct connection.

    

Galactic Rotation Curves with No Dark Matter

Recent literature has shown the apparent existence of spiral galaxies without dark matter. Usually the cold dark matter prescription is the explanation to the missing matter in the rotation curves for spiral galaxies. This recent literature seems to challenge this paradigm. In this talk, we present various fits to the respective galaxies that show that although dark matter may not be needed to produce a "fit", many of the resulting fits are not consistent with other observational data such as Tully Fisher and the radial acceleration rule. We further explore to see if alternative gravity can provide fits in these cases whereas alternative gravity (such as MOND and conformal gravity) are usually used as an alternative to dark matter.