Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS April Meeting 2021
Volume 66, Number 5
Saturday–Tuesday, April 17–20, 2021; Virtual; Time Zone: Central Daylight Time, USA
Session KP01: Poster Session I (14:00 - 16:00 CT)Poster Undergrad Friendly
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KP01.00001: UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00002: Simulating optical behaviors of multi-layered solar devices via the transfer-matrix method Evangeline Beeching, Dustin Hemphill We present our progress in calculating the transmission, reflection, and absorption spectra of low dimensional devices. Semi-analytical methods are used to solve partial differential equations for devices which can be represented as a stack of layers. We simulate semiconducting organic polymer PEDOT:PSS thin films on ITO coated glass, a common structure for organic polymer solar cells, and compare the absorption to lab-fabricated samples of the same structure. Noting the differences and similarities between the experimental and simulated spectra allows us to adjust our simulation to be more accurate. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00003: Development of Cosmic Ray Detector, Circuit Systems, and Timestamp Collection Using FPGA Joseph Huang, Alexander Lee, Jacqueline Nguyen, Aydan Pirani, Cindy Tran, Sewan Fan A team of undergraduate students from Evergreen Valley College will present the progress of assembling an improved version of a cosmic ray detector (based on guidelines prescribed by the LBL Cosmic Ray Project). Fiber optic cables are embedded in precisely cut grooves of a plastic scintillator sheet and attached to a photomultiplier tube for subsequent tests. To process the analog data from the scintillator, an Analog Devices ADCMP562 Comparator Evaluation Board is tested with an HP Pulse Generator to determine the output waveforms of the circuit board. To record high-accuracy timestamps of cosmic ray events, our team used Verilog, a hardware description language (HDL) for digital logic, to design a 32-bit digital counter with triggered pulse. The designs were simulated using ModelSim, an HDL simulation environment, for analysis and debugging. The Verilog designs are to be loaded onto Intel's field-programmable gate array (FPGA) chip, which would output timestamps accurate to one-hundred millionth of a second. The FPGA would receive high-accuracy time data from a GPS device, and an Arduino Mega would record timestamps from the FPGA output. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00004: Continuation of the Analysis and Comparison of Light Intensity Spectra Using Fourier and Wavelet Analysis. Colleen Lindenau, Gracie Buondonno, Joseph Trout This poster demonstrates our research on analyzing the light intensity spectra of stars with data provided by the Kepler Space Telescope. We analyzed the stellar light curves using Fourier Analysis and Wavelet Analysis. Continuous data of the light spectra intensities are used for the analysis of astronomical phenomena such as discovering the orbit of previously unseen planets. We compared the time series of light intensities recorded from a ground and space telescope. The time series data from a ground space telescope is sometimes missing data, we are working towards a way to fill in the missing data points by using data from land-based telescopes. This poster presents the comparison of data collected and analyzed with Fourier Analysis and Wavelet analysis. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00005: Searching for Milli-charged Particles in the MINERvA Experiment Jacob Smith The current Standard Model of physics suggests that the fundamental unit of electric charge is that of an electron. In this study, we are searching for milli-charged particles, which have a theorized charge that is a small fraction of the electron's charge. The MINERvA experiment at Fermilab observes neutrino interactions from the most intense neutrino beam (NuMI) in the world. Because the NuMI beam is produced by protons hitting a carbon target, it is possible to see ultra-relativistic milli-charged particles downstream in the MINERvA experiment. By algorithmically eliminating backgrounds from neutrino reactions, we are hoping to see tracks of low ionization energy indicative of milli-charged particles. Finding evidence for such particles would lead to required extensions of the Standard Model. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00006: Magneto-Ionization Spacecraft Shield For Interplanetary Travel (MISSFIT): Biological {\&} Mechanical Models* Keegan Finger, David Atri, Justin Brutger, Trevin Detwiler, Gannon Henry, Luke Hofmann, Trace Johnson, Julie LaFranzo, Meredith Luttrell, Lorien MacEnulty, Molly McCord, Gavin Menning, Ethan Morton, Noah Peterson, Athan Petridis, Ajal RC, Hunter Stout, Will Thomas, Daniel Viscarra When traveling through space more than just radiation damage to the body needs to be addressed, including the collisions of particles with the spacecraft; and the effects of microgravity and artificial gravity on the human body. The mechanical subgroup has developed an exploratory model for the two-dimensional impacts of spherical particles with a membrane to simulate the effects of debris collisions with a spacecraft in transit. Further, the mechanical subgroup is specifically exploring the usage of elastic and superelastic materials for large ionization-gas-containing chambers. The biological subgroup has developed a preliminary model for the one-dimensional flow of blood in the presence of an artificial gravity field that generates a Coriolis force within the vessel. This model is being used to investigate the effects of the Coriolis force on vascular transmural pressures and wall stress, both of which have been shown to result in thickening of the vessel walls and a decrease in inner radius. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00007: Development of a Large Scale Data Acquisition System for the Coordinate Detector Kara Ferner The Super BigBite Spectrometer (SBS) program is a series of experiments to measure electromagnetic nucleon form factors, to provide a better understanding of the fundamental structure of protons and neutrons. The SBS apparatus employs a series of tracking detectors, providing high resolution position and trajectory information of scattered charged particles. One of these detectors is the Coordinate Detector (CDet), which is a scintillator detector, utilizing wavelength-shifting optical fibers to collect the scintillation light and guide it to attached photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The CDet is currently being commissioned to determine the optimal high voltage setting of each PMT for a given efficiency. The data acquisition system (DAQ) used with the CDet is now being upgraded to use a new VETROC based TDC (time-to-digital converter). Use of these flash-based TDCs will reduce the electronic deadtime in the DAQ during the experiments. Given the high rate environment during experiments, a fast DAQ with minimum deadtime is essential. This work is supported in part by NSF grant PHY-1812369. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00008: Heavy Neutral Particle Search in MINERvA Dyson T Kennedy The MINERvA experiment observes neutrino interactions from the most intense neutrino beam in the world (NuMI). If a rarely interacting neutral particle with a mass on the order of 100 MeV were to be produced in the beam, it would arrive in the detector much later than the ultra-relativistic neutrinos and might deposit energy noticeably higher than other expected sources of late-in-time energy in the detector. We describe efforts to understand and eliminate the backgrounds in the MINERvA data outside the beam gate in order to search for signals that fit this description. Such a particle is not predicted by the Standard Model and thus this search could help direct the future extensions of the Standard Model. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00009: Simulating the Impact of Improved Reconstruction in IceCube Point Source Analyses Taylor Paul The IceCube Neutrino Observatory aims to detect astrophysical sources of neutrinos with data taken from a sample of muon neutrinos. In this poster, the reconstruction properties for events between 100 GeV to 100 PeV are statistically modified using simulated data from IC86 2011 - 2018 to test the amount of improvement more accurate reconstructions will have on the sensitivity and discovery potential to astrophysical neutrino sources. The sensitivity and discovery potential are calculated using IceCube’s internal likelihood framework for the original and modified datasets. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00010: Commissioning the Coordinate Detector for the Super Bigbite Spectrometer Program Taylor Edwards The Super BigBite Spectrometer (SBS) program in Hall A at Jefferson Lab (JLab) is a suite of experiments to measure the electric and magnetic structure functions of both the proton and neutron. This suite of experiments will extend the kinematic range of available nucleon structure function data to a much higher four momentum transfer than previously measured, utilizing the upgraded 12 GeV electron beam at JLab. The Coordinate Detector is a scintillator based, charged particle tracking detector and is currently being commissioned in preparation for use in the SBS experimental program. The commissioning process involves verifying all channels are functioning, determining a set threshold for each channel and determining the minimum high voltage setting of each photomultiplier tube to achieve a chosen detection efficiency. This work is supported in part by NSF grant PHY-1812369. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00011: Entropy change during measurements on a free particle in non-relativistic and relativistic quantum mechanics. Justin Brutger, Athanasios Petridis, Grace Dunleavy, Daniel Deeter The formulation of quantum mechanics is developed using the concept of information entropy. In the nonrelativistic case the quantum mechanical transition amplitude for a free particle is transformed via a Wick rotation of the time increment to obtain a partition function dependent on the time and space increments. This partition function is then used to find the entropy change of the system during a measurement. The requirement that this be real-valued leads to uncertainty-type relations, and the exhibition of positive information entropy exchange for small time intervals and negative entropy for large ones. The quantum mechanical transition amplitude of a free particle in the relativistic case is found through a Fourier transform of the Klein-Gordon equation and is separated through Heaviside step functions into the timelike, spacelike, and lightlike cases. The same process is used to find the entropy change during a measurement of a relativistic free particle, and the results are compared to the nonrelativistic case through examining the nonrelativistic limit. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00012: Computational methods for developing optimal attenuation of radiation for interplanetary travel (The MISSFIT Collaboration) Keegan Finger, William Thomas, David Atri, Justin Brutger, Trevin Detwiler, Gannon Henry, Luke Hofmann, Trace Johnson, Julie LaFranzo, Meredith Luttrell, Lorien MacEnulty, Molly McCord, Gavin Menning, Ethan Morton, Noah Peterson, Athanasios Petridis, Ajal RC, Hunter Stout, Daniel Viscarra One of the greatest problems with manned interplanetary travel is the prolonged exposure to high intensity radiation. The purpose of this work is to determine a viable shielding solution via a combination of magnetic-fields, ionization chambers and passive absorbers by developing the computational methods required to properly simulate the propagation of high-energy particles through such systems. We calculate a magnetic field employing a relaxation algorithm involving the magnetic vector potential.~We use the output in a separate relativistic propagation code to calculate the trajectory of charged particles through various media. We produce highly accurate results that illustrate particle trajectory around the spacecraft. We have used deterministic code for particle trajectory and energy loss calculation but now we are including a Monte-Carlo process. We study various particles at energies encountered in the solar wind and cosmic rays with varying magnetic field configurations. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00013: Rapid Screening of Samples via Ion Beam Analysis Robert Bartsch, Jingxu Xie, Gunnar Brown, Graham Peaslee The Peaslee lab group uses Particle-Induced Gamma Emissions and Particle-Induced X-ray Emissions to analyze many environment and consumer products for elements of concern. This is done rapidly and efficiently by bringing the proton beam out of vacuum and into air, thus circumventing any need to pump the samples down into vacuum. Most of the time, our analysis is searching for Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) or other harmful fluorine-containing chemicals in the samples. Such chemicals are dangerous carcinogens often produced as by-products in industrial processes, or even desired for they are useful for water-proofing materials and for some fire-fighting foams. Despite our recording of both the x-ray and gamma spectras, we often only analyze the fluorine peaks, for it was too labor intensive with our existing analysis programs to identify all of the elements that could be observed in all of our spectras. To improve our data analysis, I built a Matlab program, based on work by a previous student, Jingxu Xie, to rapidly find and identify all peaks in the spectras, running entire folders worth of spectra at a time. It operates at mere seconds per spectra and generates an excel spreadsheet with all the analyzed data, requiring minimal labor to operate. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00014: PHYSICS EDUCATION RESEARCH PHYSICS EDUCATION RESEARCH [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00015: Improving Written Communication Skills for Physics Majors William Briscoe, Carol Hayes, Rachel Riedner, Alexander Von Der Horst, Gary White Most physics majors enter the private sector after graduation, yet traditional physics programs are geared toward academic careers. The APS has promoted physics innovation and entrepreneurship (PIE) education requiring modifications to the core curriculum. We describe a collaboration between GW physics and writing faculty to address the issue that most physics departments are not teaching the disciplinary-based writing skills needed for the private sector, industry, or even academia. Physics faculty are supported by the university writing program in introducing genre concepts and writing skills into the curriculum, contending that these can and must be taught by physics faculty; improving communication improves the students' understanding of physics concepts. Curricular changes included genre instruction to develop the skills necessary to improve student writing within STEM genres. An investigation to measure the impact of the teaching of writing in physics and if teaching STEM genres improves writing and enables students to see themselves as scientists engaged in professional communication. Our presentation discusses how genre and audience build student engagement and disciplinary identity in physics, and how concepts from writing studies can transform the physics curriculum. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00016: The University of Michigan Semester Research Program at CERN Steven Goldfarb, Thomas Schwarz Since 2013, the University of Michigan has hosted a semester-long research program for undergraduate students at CERN. The students are selected from a diverse mix of small and large universities across the USA and embedded in active experiments at the laboratory. The program is modelled on the REU program, which supports 15 students each year in the CERN Summer Student Program, but addresses growing demand for opportunities during the academic year. CERN mentors are selected due to their leadership skills and their ability to educate and inspire the students. Projects cover a wide range of activities from detector R{\&}D to software development, physics analysis and theoretical methodology, touching nearly all aspects of the research program at CERN. Funding, which covers travel, per diem and stipend, comes from the Richard Lounsbery Foundation, the University of Michigan Department of Physics, and most recently from the United States Mission in Geneva. We present the growing success of the program, its strategic interest to the US, and describe current efforts to expand its reach to all students across the country. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00017: Rolling Railgun: A Lab Activity for Introductory Electromagnetism Taylor Pettaway, Hannah Clark, Mark Edmonston, James Overduin We describe a laboratory exercise for an introductory calculus-based electricity and magnetism course in which students construct and characterize the performance of a ``rolling railgun'' formed by one or more pairs of small neodymium coin magnets connected by a ferromagnetic axle which carries current between two rails connected to an ordinary 9V battery. The magnetic field of the wheels (the magnets) acts on the current in the axle to propel the whole apparatus along the rails. This exercise can be scaled up from a simple, mostly qualitative activity to a more comprehensive comparison between theory and experiment that will challenge students' calculus skills. The required components are small and inexpensive enough to mail to students who are taking the course remotely. We report on our initial success in incorporating this lab into our curriculum at Towson University. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00018: The ATLAS Public Website - Evolution to Drupal 8 Steven Goldfarb Four years after the deployment of the ATLAS public website using the Drupal 7 content management system, the ATLAS Education {\&} Outreach group has completed its migration to the new CERN Drupal 8 infrastructure. We present lessons learned from the development, usage and evolution of the original web site, and how the choice of technology helped to shape and reinforce our communication strategy. We then discuss tactics for the migration to Drupal 8, including our choice to use the CERN Override theme. This theme was developed by the CERN web team to support clients like ATLAS to develop web sites in the relatively complex and non-intuitive environment of Drupal. Furthermore, CERN has encouraged usage of this theme to mitigate maintenance and ease future migration. We present the effects this choice has on the design, implementation, and operation of the new site. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00019: Analyzing polytomous test items using Gaussian smoothing Calvin Stubbins We present an assessment method for analyzing results of various types of testing, including dichotomous and polytomous multiple choice tests. The basic assumption behind this approach is that we expect questions and students that are similar to each other, as measured by mean item and mean student scores, to have similar student and item scores. This concept is implemented through Gaussian smoothing by using a weighted average of item scores. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method by applying it to results from the Mechanics Baseline test for both dichotomous and polytomous testing. We find that this method is effective even for a small sample size ($N=$20) and gives results, such as difficulty and discrimination, that are similar to results from classical test theory. It also produces graphs that relate the probability of getting an item correct with student ability and item difficulty. These graphs are consistent with results from item response theory. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00020: OUTREACH AND ENGAGING THE PUBLIC OUTREACH AND ENGAGING THE PUBLIC [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00021: Fluidic Data: Motivations and lessons learned in constructing an art installation at the CERN Data Centre Johan Bonilla Fluidic Data is an art installation at CERN's Data Centre created by a collaboration led by artist Agnes Chavez with various personnel of CERN and the LHC experiments. The art piece spans the full four-floor staircase of the Data Centre entrance and describes the data throughput from the four large LHC experiments: ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb. The artist collaborated with advisors from each of the experiments to create a physics-focused story for the public. The author/presenter, Johan S Bonilla, led Data Visualization Design and provided the technical bridge between the artist and physics experts. They will present the motivation and design of the piece, and address lessons learned working with the interdisciplinary collaboration. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00022: MEDICAL PHYSICS MEDICAL PHYSICS [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00023: Mechanically Transduced Immunosorbent Assay Joshua Steimel, Michael Pappas, Alfredo Alexander-Katz Viral infections like COVID19 present one of the biggest threats to human health however the ability to rapidly, robustly, and accurately test the presence of these viral proteins remains an obstacle. Traditional techniques like PCR while accurate is slow and expensive while ELISA does not have the required resolution. Here, we present a novel technique, a Mechanically Transduced Immunosorbent Assay (METRIS). This new method utilizes the fundamental concept of friction in order to produce a mechanical signal as opposed to an optical signal which is typically used to detect biological interactions. METRIS utilizes a ferromagnetic particle which can be coated with functionalized proteins, lipids, antibodies, and other biological materials. These particles are made active by an externally applied rotating magnetic field which causes the particle to roll across a substrate functionalized with biologically materials that can bind to the particle or assist with binding to proteins or viral components in the fluid. The translational displacement of the rotating particle is induced by the effective friction of binding events which will scale with the strength and density of the biological interactions. This new technique is fast, cheap, robust, and highly sensitive. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00024: The Physical Basis of Cancer Detection Using MRI: Principles and History Donald Chang One of the main applications of nuclear physics is MRI, which provides a non-invasive technique for producing high-resolution images of soft tissue materials inside the human body. The MRI is a very powerful technique and is now widely used for the detection of cancer, strokes or other diseases. But what is the scientific principle behind the MRI technology? This question has often been over-looked in the current literature. It is often thought that MRI is used to image water hydrogen density in the body. But this is a misunderstanding; MRI actually images the physical/chemical environment of water hydrogen by measuring the local relaxation times and spin diffusion coefficient of proton. As one of early workers in this field, I would like to give a firsthand review about how the MRI technique was developed. Its development really owned to the collective works of several groups of physicists, chemists and physiologists from a number of institutions. In fact, the development of MRI may serve as a good example for how important innovative technologies can be developed through a cross-disciplinary effort and mutual stimulations. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00025: Efficient machine learning algorithms for investigating and comparing the risk factors of breast and prostate cancers among males and females Samaneh Rikhtehgaran, Wazir Muhammad Breast and prostate cancers are among the most common invasive cancers in the world. Although, these two cancers are different they share similarities in some aspects. Breast cancer is the leading of cancer in terms of the incidence among women worldwide. In breast cancer, the most important risk factor is probably family history. Risk factors other than family history are age, race, smoking, weight and alcohol consumption. On the other hand, prostate cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in North America. Prostate cancer risk increases with the number of relatives diagnosed with this cancer and decreases with the relative's age at diagnosis. Other factors than family history can be listed as age, ethnicity and genetic factors. In this project, we use several machine learning algorithms such as Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, and etc. to investigate risk factors of breast and prostate cancers among males and females and also to compare these risk factors in order to find the possible similarities or differences. For this reason, we use National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) datasets. Comprehensive comparison of risk factors leading to these two important cancers can have a huge impact on early detection and progressive improvement in survival. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00026: FEW BODY SYSTEMS FEW BODY SYSTEMS [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00027: Efficient emulators for three-body scattering using eigenvector continuation Xilin Zhang, R. J. Furnstahl, A. J. Garcia, P. J. Millican Solving a three-body quantum scattering and reaction problem is known to be computationally expensive. As a result, the computing time becomes a bottleneck issue for exploring a three-body model's parameter space. On the other hand, such exploration, i.e., repeatedly solving a three-body problem with different theory parameters, is needed in various data analysis, such as fitting nucleon interactions to deuteron-nucleon scattering and reaction data, as well as extracting nuclear structure information from deuteron-nucleus scattering and reaction measurements. In this talk, I will discuss our recent development of emulators---surrogate models that can be solved efficiently---for three-body scattering. It is an extension of our previous work (arXiv: 2007.03635) on two-body-scattering emulators, based on so-called eigenvector continuation. I will demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of these emulators. In the end, I will briefly discuss the broad applications of these emulators. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00028: HADRONIC PHYSICS HADRONIC PHYSICS [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00029: Study of Topocluster Position Resolution in Firmware for the Global Event Processor for the HL-LHC Upgrade of the ATLAS Trigger System Stephen Racz, Ben Carlson, Tae Hong To mitigate the effects of pileup in pp collisions at $\surd $s $=$ 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), several pileup suppression algorithms are considered for implementation in the Phase II Global Event Processor (GEP). Many of these algorithms require sorting the topocluster energy clusters into local neighborhoods. This can be done via applying a grid to the topocluster data in eta-phi space. This study discusses the ability to optimize this grid application in firmware through various methods. A generalized binning algorithm and a linear transformation method were tested. The study found that a uniform grid is best instantiated with a linear transformation method, which can be instantiated through bit-shifting operations. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00030: Measurement of the branching fraction for $D^{0} \rightarrow K_{s}^{0} K_{s}^{0} \pi^{+} \pi^{-}$ and measurement of CP violation using T-odd triple product asymmetry at Belle. Aman Sangal, Alan Schwartz In this analysis, we have measured the branching fraction and searched for CP violation using T-odd triple product asymmetries in the singly Cabibbo-suppressed four body final state decay $D^{0} \rightarrow K_{s}^{0} K_{s}^{0} \pi^{+} \pi^{-}$. For the analysis, we are using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 932 fb$^{-1}$. The data were collected using Belle detector at KEKB asymmetric $e^{+}e^{-}$ collider running at or near $\Upsilon$(4S) \xspace and $\Upsilon$(5S) \xspace resonances. Charm decays are expected to have very small CP violation in the standard model, this makes CP violation searches in charm decays an excellent probe of physics beyond standard model. We have probed the asymmetries in the observable C$_{T}$ = $\vv{P}_{K_{s}^{0}}^{1} \cdot (\vv{P}_{\pi^{+}} \times \vv{P}_{\pi^{-}})$ for $D^{0}$ and $\overline{D}^{0}$. Looking at the difference of T-odd asymmetries between CP conjugate $D^{0}$ and $\overline{D}^{0}$ decays provides us a CP asymmetry observable free from strong interaction effects. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00031: Deciphering the Nature of X(3872) in Heavy Ion Collisions Jinfeng Liao Exploring the nature of exotic multiquark candidates such as the X(3872) plays a pivotal role in understanding quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Despite significant efforts, consensus on their internal structures is still lacking. As a prime example, it remains a pressing open question to decipher the X(3872) state between two popular exotic configurations: a loose hadronic molecule or a compact tetraquark. We demonstrate a novel approach to help address this problem by studying the X(3872) production in heavy ion collisions, where a hot fireball with ample light as well as charm (anti-)quarks is available for producing the exotics. Adopting a multiphase transport model (AMPT) for describing such collisions and implementing appropriate production mechanism of either molecule or tetraquark picture, we compute and compare a series of observables for X(3872) in Pb-Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. We find the fireball volume plays a crucial role, leading to a 2-order-of-magnitude difference in the X(3872) yield and a markedly different centrality dependence between hadronic molecules and compact tetraquarks, thus offering a unique opportunity for distinguishing the two scenarios. We also make the first prediction of X(3872) elliptic flow to be tested by future measurements. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00032: Quantum Anomalous Energy Effects on the Nucleon Mass Yizhuang Liu We use the Hamiltonian approach to examine the content of the nucleon mass in quantum chromodynamics, which receives contributions from both scalar and tensor densities of the energy-momentum tensor. Apart from the quark masses, the scalar density contains a composite-gluon field $F^2$ originated from anomalous breaking of the scale symmetry due to ultraviolet quantum fluctuations. The response of this scalar field in the presence of the nucleon generates a non-perturbative contribution to the nucleon mass, in much the same way the Higgs fields endow mass for fundamental matter particles. We illustrate the physics of this anomalous energy contribution as a dynamical Higgs mechanism through a 1+1 dimensional non-linear sigma model. Finally, the anomalous energy sets the scale for quark and gluon kinetic and potential energy contributions to the remainder of the nucleon mass through a relativistic virial theorem. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00033: CJ global QCD analysis with RHIC weak boson data Sanghwa Park We present the recent update from the CTEQ-Jefferson Lab (CJ) global QCD analysis with W and Z data from the STAR experiment at RHIC. Weak boson productions in proton collisions provide unique opportunies to access light quarks in the proton. The cross sections and their ratio are sensitive to the light quark distributions near the valence region at RHIC energy, and in particular can help to constraint db/ub at large-x region. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00034: The Role of the Axial Anomaly in Polarized DIS: Emergent Axion-like Dynamics and the Small X Effective Action Andrey Tarasov, Raju Venugopalan We discuss the role of the chiral “triangle” anomaly in deeply inelastic scattering (DIS) of electrons off polarized protons employing a powerful worldline formalism which allows for the efficient computation of perturbative multi-leg Feynman amplitudes. We demonstrate how the triangle anomaly appears at high energies in the DIS "box diagram" for the polarized structure function $g_1(x_B, Q^2)$ in both the Bjorken limit of large $Q^2$ and in the Regge limit of small $x_B$. We show for the first time that the off-forward infrared pole of the anomaly appears in both limits. We motivate a small x effective action, consistent with anomalous chiral Ward identities, that shows how non-perturbative effects cancel the infrared pole, leading to an effective axion-like dynamics at small x. There are two non-perturbative scales that control this dynamics: one is the saturation scale and the other is the pure Yang-Mills topological susceptibility; we discuss how their dynamical interplay can be uncovered in polarized DIS at the Electron-Ion Collider. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00035: Di-hadron azimuthal correlations in e-A DIS with CLAS Miguel Arratia We present a measurement of the nuclear dependence of di-hadron production in deep-inelastic scattering off nuclei using the CLAS detector at Jefferson Lab. We report results on the conditional suppression factor for charged pions using carbon, iron and lead data. By comparing our results with single-hadron measurements, we can constrain correlations created by nuclear effects. Our results are much more precise than HERMES data (PRL 96, 162301) and include hadron identification. We also complement the HERMES measurements by reporting the first measurement of azimuthal correlations in DIS, which shows a strong suppression for back-to-back pion pairs in nuclei. This represents a new type of study in electron-nucleus collisions and serves as a pathfinder for future experiments with CLAS12 and the Electron-Ion Collider. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00036: Probing deuteron short-range structure with tensor polarization and spectator tagging Wim Cosyn, Christian Weiss Deep-inelastic scattering on a polarized deuteron with detection of the spectator nucleon (spectator tagging) offers new opportunities for exploring the short-range structure of the deuteron and the properties of nucleon interactions. Tensor-polarized observables are unique to the interacting two-nucleon system (spin-1) and proportional to the D-wave amplitude of the internal motion. The detection of the spectator nucleon fixes the momentum in the initial deuteron configuration and allows one to control the relative magnitude of S- and D-waves. This makes it possible to measure the tensor-polarized asymmetry $A_{zz}$ in configurations where it attains its maximal values of +1 and -2, resulting in a large tensor-polarized signal. (In contrast, in inclusive DIS measurements without spectator tagging one measures only an average over all deuteron configurations, in which the tensor-polarized signal is reduced.) We comment on the feasibility of tensor-polarized tagging measurements at the future electron-ion collider with forward proton/neutron detectors, and the influence of nuclear final-state interactions on the tensor observables. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00037: PHYSICS OF BEAMS PHYSICS OF BEAMS [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00038: Comparative study of tangential stress in curved beams M A Muktadir, Paul Akangah, Sun Yi Many researchers have attempted to find the solution to the problem of the state of in a curved beam under load. However, the values of stresses arrived at failed to satisfy the boundary conditions in a satisfactory way. Curved beams find important practical applications in chain links, crane hooks, pipe bends and curved segments of machine tool frames. Accurate determination of stresses in curved beams is important to prevent catastrophic failure leading to loss of property and life. This study uses various methods including advanced computational tools to compare the strength of materials (SOM), elasticity analysis (EA), and the finite element analysis (FEA) of the curved beam tangential stress of various sections. For the SOM analysis, three different cross-sections have been considered, for EA two airy functions have taken for calculation of tangential stress, and for FEA, ANSYS have been used for the analysis of rectangular, square, and circular 3D curved beam. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00039: Spin Nernst effect and quantum correlation in two-dimensional antiferromagnets Leonardo Lima The spin separation caused by the thermal flow of electrons in condensed matter systems or spin Nernst effect is a phenomenon that has been experimentally observed since some years ago where both spin-up and spin-down electrons are separated with application of an external magnetic field.[1,2] We analyze the influence of the spin Nernst effect on the quantum correlation and quantum entanglement in the two-dimensional antiferromagnet in the checkerboard lattice and in the presence of a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction using linear spins waves. We present results for the effect of the coupling parameters on von Neumann entropy.[3] In addition, we analyze the effect on longitudinal spin conductivity, either.[4] REFERENCES [1] Peng Sheng, Yuya Sakuraba, Yong-Chang Lau, Saburo Takahashi, Seiji Mitani, Masamitsu Hayashi, Science Advances 03, e1701503 (2017). [2] S. Meyer, Y.-T. Chen, S. Wimmer, M. Althammer, T. Wimmer, R. Schlitz, S. Geprägs, H. Huebl, D. Ködderitzsch, H. Ebert, G. E. W. Bauer, R. Gross, S. T. B. Goennenwein, Nat. Mater. 16, 977 (2017). [3] Leonardo S. Lima, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 500, 166427 (2020). [4] L. S. Lima, Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 128, 114580 (2021) [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00040: PRECISION TESTS OF PHYSICS LAWS PRECISION TESTS OF PHYSICS LAWS [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00041: A Latent United System of Atoms Rasulkhozha S. Sharafiddinov According to a new theory of an atom with orbits quantized by leptonic families, the maximal quantity of all types of atomic orbits is equal to twice the same number of flavors. However, lepton orbits appear in an atom with boson orbits only if antiprotons of its nucleus are in excess. In contrast to this, antineutrino orbits must appear in a nucleus with orbital strings in the presence of excess neutrons. In both types of atoms, a spinless nucleus without isospin is necessarily present as the root of the same defined family of atomic systems, constituting its stem. Furthermore, if the interaction of an Al-Fargoniy neutrino antihydrogen atom with each of the available atomic systems with boson and antineutrino orbits is not forbidden by any conservation laws until its last antineutrino orbit is lost and all boson orbits are converted into lepton orbits, then the impression arises that nature itself characterizes each atom by a single root forming the stem of its family. Thereby, it emphasizes that whatever the atomic families the root of any atoms with boson and lepton orbits has undergone a fully latent interaction with an Al-Fargoniy antineutrino hydrogen atom. Under such circumstances, the set of atomic roots constitutes a latent united system of atoms. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00042: An Internally Disclosed Structure of the Uranium Family Rasulkhozha S. Sharafiddinov In the framework of the new theory [1] of an atom with orbits quantized by leptonic families, in the arbitrary case of an atom $X_{Z}^{A},$ the numbers of isotopes $I$ of its root $X_{Z}^{2Z}$ of lepton $(N_{l}^{I})$ and antineutrino $(N_{{\bar \nu_{l}}}^{I})$ orbits are equal to $$N_{l}^{I}=Z, \, \, \, \, N_{{\bar \nu_{l}}}^{I}=\left\{ {\begin{array}{l} {\, \, \, \, 2L_{l}\quad \mbox{for}\quad Z=N=1,}\\ {2ZL_{l}\quad \mbox{for}\quad Z=N>1.} \end{array}}\right. \eqno(1)$$ Such a principle clearly shows that the total number $N_{full}^{I}$ of isotopes that constitute the same atomic family is intimately connected with the quantity of lepton flavors $$N_{full}^{I}=N_{l}^{I}+N_{{\bar \nu_{l}}}^{I}. \eqno(2)$$ If we choose $H_{1}^{2}$ from the united system of atomic roots $X_{Z}^{2Z},$ its family at $(l=\epsilon,$ $e,$ $\mu,$ $\tau,...)$ consists of ten atoms. The helium family includes eighteen forms of atomic systems. Then it is possible, from (1) and (2), to predict the availability in nature of $63189$ isotope forms of $118$ types of atomic systems. Among them, the uranium family includes $828$ types of atoms. [1] R.S. Sharafiddinov, Phys. Essays {\bf 32}, 358 (2019); Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. {\bf 63}(4), L01.00041 (2018). [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00043: Atoms in an External Electric Field Rasulkhozha S. Sharafiddinov The new theory [1] of an atom with orbits quantized by leptonic families predicts that the influence of an electric field on an atom is carried out, in Stark's experience, as an indication in favor of a hard connection between an atomic system $X_{Z}^{A}$ and a photon medium. The interratio of these two forms of objects corresponds in the field of emission to the coexistence of photobirths of both the neutrino and the neutron pairs. Therefore, from its point of view, it should be expected that each neutrino photosplitting says about the dynamical origination in another place of the same electric field of a kind of neutron photosplitting. These transitions, together with summed baryon and lepton number conservation, transform the photon field into an atomic field. Its quanta $Fn_{1}^{1}$ and ${\bar Fn_{1}^{1}},$ namely, the Al-Fargoniy hydrogen and antihydrogen have important consequences for the unification of atoms. The set of transitions $$Fn_{1}^{1}+X_{Z}^{2Z}\rightarrow X_{Z}^{2Z+1}, \eqno(1)$$ $${\bar Fn_{1}^{1}}+X_{Z}^{Z+1}\rightarrow X_{Z}^{Z} \eqno(2)$$ originating in an atomic field constitutes an isotopic family of the investigated atom that was identified by Stark as a splitting of its spectral lines. [1] R.S. Sharafiddinov, Phys. Essays {\bf 32}, 358 (2019). [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00044: Atoms in an External Magnetic Field Rasulkhozha S. Sharafiddinov The splitting of the spectral lines of atomic system in an external magnetic field is not a usual intraatomic transition. It would not take place in the case of the fundamental symmetry between electricity and magnetism being wholly absent. Therefore, we accept that each particle of electric mass and charge says in favor of a kind of monoparticle with magnetic mass and charge. Any monophoton may serve as one of the quanta of a magnetic field. A unity of symmetry laws of elementary monoparticles splits one monophoton state into a mononeutrino pair. Another monophoton state of the same magnetic field is split into a mononeutron pair. Thus, the monophoton field is transformed into a monoatomic field so that its monoquanta $Fn_{1}^{1}$ and ${\bar Fn_{1}^{1}},$ namely, the Al-Fargoniy monohydrogen and antimonohydrogen relate one pair of mononeutrinos to another pair of mononeutrons as a consequence of a grand synthesis of mononuclei. If an atom now interacts with a magnetic field, it can be converted at first into a monoatom and, next, the latter at the new level encounters quanta of this field. The set of collisions carrying out in a monoatomic field constitutes a monoisotopic family that was identified by Zeeman as a splitting of the spectral lines of an atom in a magnetic field. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00045: A Refutation of Special Relativity Eric Samuel This paper presents rigorous arguments in favor of the Newtonian principles of time invariance (TI) and mass invariance (MI), in contention with the special relativity (SR) principles of relativistic time dilation and relativistic mass. Firstly, those ingenious classical experiments in the phenomenological areas of (i) $\mu $- and $\pi $-meson lifetimes (ii) the Compton effect, (iii) positron annihilation, (iv) electron motion in an electric field, (v) electron motion in a magnetic field, and (vi) the transverse Doppler effect, currently upheld as incontrovertibly supporting SR, have been remarkably reinterpreted within the context only of the Newtonian TI and MI principles, and without invoking SR principles. Secondly, several fundamental weaknesses of SR are delineated by careful analyses. Both the experimental and theoretical sets of arguments above lead to the inevitable conclusion that the Newtonian TI and MI principles alone are sufficient to satisfactorily explain known experiments. Crucial implications of excluding SR principles from the framework of fundamental laws, and restoring the universality of the Newtonian principles, will also be discussed. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00046: A Solution to Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation for a Space-Time Filled with Gravitating Matter of Density $\rho$(r,$\theta$,$\varphi$) Lee W Schumann In the 100+ years since Einstein introduced his gravitational field equation, only two solutions have been found: Schwarzschield's solution for a point mass at the origin of coordinates and the Friedmann-Robinson-Walker (FRW) cosmological solution containing two free parameters. In fact there are as many solutions to the field equation as there are different configurations of the sources of the field . I show a solution in terms gravitating matter distributed throughout space-time with density $\rho$(r,$\theta$,$\varphi$). This is the relativistic equivalent of solving Newton's non-relativistic gravitational field equation: $\div$G = 4$\pi$G\rho , where $\rho$(r,$\theta$,$\varphi$) is the gravitational field and G = 6.67 X 10-11 (m3/kg-s2) is Newton's gravitational constant. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00047: Continuous Variation of the Time's Rate for Every Location and Every Object Hassan Gholibeigian In pulsating mantle hypothesis (i.e. \underline {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMPA23A1960G/abstract}), two phenomena; ``inner core dislocation'' and ``outer core bulge'' have appeared inside the earth due to unbalanced gravitational attraction of the Sun and the Moon. Consequently, the mantle is under diurnal cyclic pulsating load by them. In other words, the inner core's center and axis do not crossed or overlapped on the earth's center and axis, and the distance between these two centers vary in magnitude and direction constantly. Therefore, the gravitational fields are continuously varying on the earth's surface for every location and every object at the rest or movement. On the other hand, in special relativity, time's rate varies during the changes of the height (i.e. the gravitational force) for an object. For example, by increasing the height (i.e. by decreasing gravitational force) of an atomic clock, time's rate will increase as well and vice versa. Consequently, the time's rate continuously varies in every location and for every object at rest or movement. This generalization of special relativity shows the interaction between the special and general relativity theories of Einstein. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00048: Making An Observation Without Making An Observation: ``Seeing'' Knowledge Embedded In The Physical World With One's Own Eyes Douglas Snyder In a null measurement (nm) in quantum mechanics, there is NO interaction between a physical measuring apparatus (pma) and the physical system measured. A form of quantum jumps known as electron shelving is an example of a nm. In electron shelving there are 2 possible transitions to higher energy levels from a common lower level energy state for a single ion. One~possible transition is very quick and visible to the eye in terms of fluorescence of the ion due to the rapidity of the rate of transition from the lower level 0 to level 1 and back (strong transition [st]). The other transition from level 0 to level 2 is very slow relative to the st and creates a gap in the fluorescence long enough so that one ``see'' the gap with one's eyes with the aid of a crude microscope. This gap in the fluorescence is a nm. There is no detection of the weak transition (wt) using a pma. The logical deduction in the gap in the fluorescence is that the st did not occur and therefore the wt did occur. This knowledge from the logical deduction that is embedded in the physical world is what is ``seen'' when a person looks at the gap. The wt is known to occur through proving that the st did not occur. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00049: How to Lead to the Demise of Schrodinger's Cat from a Distance with Spooky Action at a Distance and Spooky Action Not at a Distance: Three Null (Negative) Measurements and Information Transfer Faster than the Speed of Light, A Lot of Knowledge and No Measurements with Physical Interactions Douglas Snyder This presentation shows just how far one can go in affecting the physical world without any measurements involving physical interactions (positive measurements). A null measurement that does not rely on a physical interaction is used to first measure one of two entangled electrons (electron 1). Information is instantaneously transferred (spooky action at a distance) upon the measurement of electron 1 to electron 2 for which there is also a null measurement. Both of these measurements and the instantaneous transmission of information involve knowledge.~ A third null measurement then leads to the demise of Schrodinger's cat. With a null measurement on electron 1, Bohr's defense of quantum mechanics is irrelevant:~ It is not necessary that there be a physical interaction between electron 1 and a physical measuring instrument that is fundamental to Bohr's version of complementarity for physics in order for the null measurement on electron 1 to affect electron 2.~ For Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen, how can one argue for local hidden physical variables involved in measurement of electron 2 when there are no overt physical variables involved in a physical interaction in the null measurement on electron 1?~ [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00050: A Physical Origin for Quantum Entanglement and Probabilistic Behaviors Kenneth Schatten In Quantum Field Theory (QFT) free electrons consist of a bare core surrounded by a ``dressing.'' The dressing consists of virtual particles, typically photons pulled from the vacuum during an electron's parturition. This dressing allows electrons to become unbound by inhibiting radiative energy losses (Bremsstrahlung) as they leave their bound state. As a byproduct, this imbues free electrons with a randomly oriented electromagnetic spin vector. We make the case that this provides a physical origin for QM's probabilistic and entanglement behaviors. Namely, these are associated by free electrons obtaining oriented spin vectors. We refer to this as a ``random vector paradigm'' (RVP). The RVP offers a possible explanation for Quantum Mechanics' random attributes. This identifies a physical source for QM's novel behaviors. Entanglement and probabilistic behaviors are tested by comparing Monte Carlo simulations with experimental findings, using Bohm's version (B-EPR) of the Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen (EPR) experiment. A Shimony computer simulation tracks Bell's B-EPR. experimental summary. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00051: Limitation of Constraining $\dot G/G$ from Orbital Timing of Planets and Pulsars Rajendra Gupta Constraints on the variation of the gravitational constant $G$ have been obtained by many observers using different methods, the most reliable and stringent being those based on the orbital timing of planets in the solar system and binary pulsars. We show that the constraints thus determined are on $\dot G/G-3\dot c/c$ rather than on $\dot G/G$ when the speed of light $c$ is also considered to be varying. This is in confirmation with the relativistcally covariant cosmological model that determined that $c$ varies as $\dot c/c=\dot G/3G$ by fitting the supernovae 1a data [MNRAS 498, 4481 (2020); arXiv:2009.08878]. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00052: EQUITY, DIVERSITY, & INCLUSION Kara Shumaker Equity, Diversity, & Inclusion [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00053: Evidence-based Interventions to Mitigate Gender Inequity in Physics in India and Fixing the Flawed Meritocracy. Prajval Shastri We consider the common hypotheses put forward to explain the gender gap in physics in India and examine them in the light of the available evidence. Typical hypotheses include the lack of interest in physics among girls, systematically lower innate competence among girls/women, socialisation leading girls to feel incompetent in physics, discriminatory familial responsibilities on women and discrimination within the profession. The evidence do not support the first two hypotheses. Therefore interventions along the lines of \^{a}\texteuro \~{ }fixing the women\^{a}\texteuro \texttrademark are not suggested by the evidence. While discriminatory familial responsibilities on women does play a role in creating the gender gap, the evidence strongly suggest that fixing systemic barriers within within the enterprise, including in school education is really the way forward. The work of the recently founded Gender in Physics Working Group of the Indian Physics Association have produced tangible results along these lines and will be summarised. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00054: ACCELERATORS AND STORAGE RINGS ACCELERATORS AND STORAGE RINGS [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00055: Muon Reconstruction Performance in Presence of Beam-Induced Background at Muon Collider Chiara Aime', Cristina Riccardi, Paola Salvini, Ilaria Vai, Laura Buonincontri, Camilla Curatolo, Donatella Lucchesi, Paolo Andreetto, Alessio Gianelle, Lorenzo Sestini, Nazar Bartosik, Nadia Pastrone, Massimo Casarsa, Francesco Collamati, Paola Sala, Sergo Jindariani, Simone Pagan Griso In the context of the simulation and reconstruction for the Muon Collider, based on CLIC’s ILCSoft software, the performances of the muon detector have been studied for muon beams collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 1.5 TeV. The CLIC muon system foresees to instrument the iron yoke plates with layers of track sensitive chambers in order to enhance the muon identification. The glass Resistive Plate Chambers technology has been adopted both for barrel and endcap region with readout cells of 30x30 mm$^{2}$. Alternative MicroPattern Gaseous Detector technologies are under investigation. Simulated data of the particles reaching the muon chambers have been analyzed both for a single muon and a background sample to study the detector layout and performance. The results of a first preliminary study investigating the muon reconstruction efficiency, Beam-induced Background sensitivity, and background mitigation are presented. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00056: The Design of the Linac Power Upgrade, the Accumulator Ring and the Target Station of the ESS-Based Long-baseline Neutrino Project ESSnuSB Ye Zou, Mamad Eshraqi, Tord Ekelof According to the baseline design of the 5 MW accelerator under construction in Lund, Sweden, its duty cycle will be only 4{\%}, which leaves room for increasing the beam power and duty cycle to 10 MW and 8{\%}, respectively. The linac power upgrade will be realized by increasing the linac pulse frequency from 14 to 28 Hz. The ESS linac pulse is 3 ms long which is too long for the cosmic ray related background in the far neutrino detector and a 400 m circumference accumulator ring will be used to compress the beam pulse to 1.3 \textmu s. In order to be able to handle the high proton beam power, the target station will comprise four separate granular targets with neutrino horns and a decay tunnel. A review will be given of the current results of the design and simulation work on the linac power upgrade, on the pulse compressing accumulator ring and on the target station. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00057: ACCELERATOR SYSTEMS ACCELERATOR SYSTEMS [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00058: A high-resolution, low-latency, bunch-by-bunch feedback system for nano-beam stabilization Rebecca Ramjiawan, Philip Burrows, R. Ramjawan, D.R. Bett, T. Bromwich, P. N. Burrows, C. Perry, N. Blaskovic Kraljevic, G. B. Christian A low-latency, bunch-by-bunch feedback system employing high-resolution cavity Beam Position Monitors (BPMs) has been developed and tested at the Accelerator Test Facility (ATF2) at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Japan. The feedback system was designed to demonstrate nanometer-level vertical stabilization at the focal point of the ATF2 and can be operated using either a single BPM to provide local beam stabilization, or by using two BPMs to stabilize the beam at an intermediate location. The feedback correction is implemented using a stripline kicker and the feedback calculations are performed on a digital board constructed around a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The feedback performance was tested with trains of two bunches, separated by 280~ns, at a charge of $\sim$1~nC, where the vertical offset of the first bunch was measured and used to calculate the correction to be applied to the second bunch. The BPMs have been demonstrated to achieve an operational resolution of $\sim$20~nm. With the application of single-BPM and two-BPM feedback, beam stabilization of below 50~nm and 41~nm respectively has been achieved with a latency of 232~ns. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00059: R&D toward design for a pion-production target for Mu2e-II Vitaly Pronskikh, Kevin Lynch, David Neuffer, James Popp, David Pushka The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for evidence of charged lepton flavor violation by observing the conversion of a negative muon into an electron in the Coulomb field of a nucleus without emission of neutrinos and will probe effective new-physics mass scales in the $10^{3} - 10^{4}$ TeV range. One of the main parts of the Mu2e experimental setup is its target station in which negative pions are generated in interactions of the 8 GeV primary proton beam with a tungsten target, which will be capable of producing $\sim 2 \cdot 10^{17}$ negative muons per year. Mu2e can be extended by a next generation experiment, Mu2e-II, with a sensitivity improved by another factor of 10 or more as enabled by the PIP-II accelerator upgrade project. PIP-II is a 250-meter-long linac capable of accelerating a 2 mA proton beam to a kinetic energy of 800 MeV corresponding to 1.6 MW of power. To achieve another factor of ten improvement in sensitivity, Mu2e-II will require about 100 kW of proton beam on target, and the added power requires a new target design. We will present our progress in R&D of a target station conceptual design for Mu2e-II, using the MARS15 and G4beamline Monte-Carlo codes toward a selection between granular, “conveyor”, and rotating cylindrical target options. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00060: DFT Studies of the Quinone Electron Acceptor of Photosystem II and Related Model Systems Elijah Gruszecki, Amanda Manalti, Dan Xiao, Jean J. Benoit, Amgalabaatar Baldansuren, K. V. Lakshmi In photosynthetic and respiratory protein complexes, quinone cofactors participate in both proton and electron transfer. In Photosystem I (PSI), phylloquinones function to transfer electrons through the electron transport chain. In Photosystem II (PSII) and the bacterial reaction center, benzoquinones are used to facilitate both electron and proton coupled electron transfer (PCET). Previous experimental studies determined the redox potentials, solvent interactions and magnetic parameters for a variety of model quinones as well as the native plastoquinone cofactor of PSII (1-3). In this study, we performed density functional theory (DFT) on the reduced semiquinone state of the models in protic and aprotic solvents to determine the electronic structure, energy levels and magnetic parameters. We also created a working model of the plastoquinone pocket of PSII. The DFT calculations were optimized by using a variety of functionals and basis sets and the calculations were validated by comparison with the experimental electro-chemical properties. \begin{enumerate} \item Weyers et al., 2009, JPC B, 113, 15409. \item Chatterjee et al., 2012, JPC B, 116, 676. \item Chatterjee et al., 2011, Biochemistry, 50, 491. \end{enumerate} [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00061: PARTICLES AND FIELDS PARTICLES AND FIELDS [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00062: Neutrino Direction Reconstruction using a CNN for GeV Scale Neutrinos in IceCube Shiqi Yu The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is designed to observe neutrinos interacting deep within the South Pole ice. It consists of 5,160 digital optical modules, which are arrayed over a cubic kilometer from 1,450 m to 2,450 m depth. At the center of the array is a subdetector, DeepCore. It has a denser configuration which lowers the observable energy threshold to about 10 GeV and creates the opportunity to study neutrino oscillations with low energy atmospheric neutrinos. A precise reconstruction of neutrino direction is critical in the measurements of oscillation parameters. In this poster, I will present a method to reconstruct the zenith angle of 10-GeV scale events in IceCube by using a convolutional neural network (CNN). Compared to the current likelihood-based reconstruction algorithm, the CNN method shows improvements in both angular resolution and processing speed. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00063: Improved Testing and Detection of Correlated Shifts in Trigger Rate Monitoring Tool in ATLAS Control Room Connor Menzel The ATLAS detector at the LHC uses a custom trigger system to determine which events are of high enough importance to be saved offline. To monitor the behavior of these triggers we use a tool called Xmon, which has now been in use in the control room at ATLAS for a decade. Xmon records the trigger rates and compares them to the corresponding expected rates in order to detect possible problems with subdetectors. We discuss two recently added functionalities to Xmon: (1) a testbench to allow for the full incorporation of Xmon in testing during the Technical Runs and (2) the ability to detect small correlated shifts over many triggers. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00064: Reconstructing silicon pixel hits using Neural Networks Sanjana Sekhar Future operation of the Large Hadron Collider will record a higher number of proton-proton collisions and will thereby yield larger data rates and sample sizes. This will stress real-time triggering systems and offline event reconstruction. Heterogenous computing systems utilizing both CPU and GPU hardware are being developed to deal with these tasks. The precise reconstruction of silicon pixel hits is an important aspect of tracking, however current reconstruction algorithms are not optimal for a GPU implementation. In recent years, fast implementations of neural networks have been built on GPU hardware for deep learning. We therefore investigate the use of hybrid convolutional neural networks and deep neural networks in hit reconstruction. We train and test the networks on data from a detailed silicon sensor simulation, Pixelav, tuned to simulate heavily radiation-damaged detectors. We find that the resulting reconstruction algorithm equals, and in certain cases outperforms present reconstruction algorithms in the predicted resolutions. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00065: Development of Cryogenic Photoelectronics for DarkSide-20k Priyanka Kachru The DarkSide collaboration aims to deliver the next generation dual phase Liquid Argon (LAr) TPC based experiment : DarkSide-20k, with an expected exposure of 200 tonne-year in zero instrumental background condition. The two technologies that enable this goal are : the use of underground argon, naturally depleted of 39Ar, and the introduction of two photo-detector planes for a total of 20m2 detection coverage. Such planes are constituted of high performances SiPM-based photodetectors specifically targeted for operations in liquid Argon, at 87 K, using extremely radiopure components. This talk will describe the performances of the 24 cm2 photo-detector modules capable of delivering a Dark Count Rate lower than 24 Hz, with a Signal-to-Noise ratio > 20 and a projected Photon Detection Efficiency larger than 40%. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00066: Studies of Hadronic Trigger Background Composition at ATLAS Stephen Roche, Ben Carlson, Tae Min Hong The ATLAS detector at the LHC uses a custom two-level trigger system to save 1 kHz of events from a 40 MHz bunch-crossing rate. It is of interest to be able to predict trigger rates using Monte Carlo simulations. The transverse momentum of jets and missing transverse energy of Pythia simulations with different hard-scatter truth jet pT ranges were normalized to data selected using the jet trigger. This gives effective correction factors and is an appealing method for deriving rate estimates. This method is presented as a better process for simulating rates than the current method, which only uses minimum bias Monte Carlo simulation. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00067: WiDAQ: An Inexpensive, Scalable Slow-Control System Using Do-It-Yourself Electronics and Wireless Data Cici Hanna, Henry Hunt, Evan Angelico, Sergei Nagaitsev Slow-control systems for experiments in particle and accelerator physics often require 10s to 100s of channels for monitoring and controlling instruments such as thermocouples, pressure gauges, heaters, instrument relays, and interlocks over long periods of time. Especially for large distributed systems, many-channel control systems present integration challenges, including cable management and modular flexibility. This system -- a custom slow-control system that features wireless data transfer, modular architecture, low cost per module, live web monitoring, and long-term data storage -- was designed to address those issues. The prototype ``WiDAQ'' system controls and monitors two 500W heaters with thermocouple feedback using Raspberry Pi Zero and TeensyDuino as front-end controllers with Bluetooth, Wifi, MQTT, Node-RED, MongoDB, and GraphQL as data transfer and storage mechanisms. The wireless data transfer, as well as the Internet-of-Things architecture of the front-end and web-application user interface, enables this system to scale to 100s of controllers distributed over 100s of meters, and is easily modified to incorporate other types of instruments for different slow-control systems. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00068: Beam Location System for the Ionization-based Calibration in DUNE Ranjan Dharmapalan An ultraviolet (UV) ionization laser system can provide precise measurements of the drift velocity and electric field as well as be a diagnostic tool for detector defects in large liquid argon neutrino detectors such as those envisioned for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In this talk we describe two subsystems that along with the UV laser system, make it possible to perform these functions. First is a laser beam location system based on UV sensitive photodiodes. Few arrays of photodiodes are placed below the field-cage within the detector which will help determine the exact orientation of the laser beam independent of the detector signals. The second subsystem consists of pads with UV mirrors at slightly different angles, which are strategically placed within the detector. The hit mirror, and therefore the laser beam location, is identified by the reflection angle of the track observed by the Time Projection Chamber wire signals. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00069: Measurement of the intrinsic energy resolution of amorphous selenium for the next generation neutrinoless $\beta\beta$ decay detector Xinran Li, Alvaro Chavarria, Snezana Bogdanovich, Cristiano Galbiati, Alexander Piers, Brad Polischuk Imaging sensors made from an ionization target layer of amorphous selenium (aSe) coupled to a silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel array for charge readout are a promising technology to search for the neutrinoless $\beta\beta$ decay of $^{82}$Se. We present results on the ionization response of aSe measured from the photoabsorption of 122keV $\gamma$ rays in a single-pixel device, and discuss its implications for a next-generation neutrinoless $\beta\beta$ decay detector based on this technology. We also report on the progress in the fabrication and testing of the first prototype imaging sensors based on the Topmetal-II pixelated CMOS charge readout chip. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00070: Searching for Scalar Dark Matter via Coupling to Fundamental Constants with Photonic, Atomic and Mechanical Oscillators William Campbell, Ben McAllister, Maxim Goryachev, Eugene Ivanov, Michael Tobar We present a way to search for light scalar dark matter (DM), seeking to exploit putative coupling between dark matter scalar fields and fundamental constants, by searching for frequency modulations in direct comparisons between frequency stable oscillators. Specifically we compare a Cryogenic Sapphire Oscillator (CSO), Hydrogen Maser (HM) atomic oscillator and a bulk acoustic wave quartz oscillator (OCXO). This work demonstrates the use of bulk acoustic wave resonators as sensitive tools for dark matter detection. Results are presented based on 16 days of data in comparisons between the HM and OCXO, and 2 days of comparison between the OCXO and CSO. No evidence of oscillating fundamental constants consistent with a coupling to scalar dark matter is found, and instead limits on the strength of these couplings as a function of the dark matter mass are determined. We constrain the dimensionless coupling constant $d_e$ and combination $|d_{m_e}-d_g|$ across a finite sub-eV mass band. Notably, these limits do not rely on maximum reach analysis, instead employing the more general coefficient separation technique. This experiment paves the way for future, highly sensitive experiments based on state-of-the-art acoustic oscillators. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00071: The Benefits of Using OSG for Large-Scale Physics Computing Ilyas Adnane, Chami Amarasinghe The Open Science Grid (OSG) is a distributed computing grid that allows for numerous independent small-scale computations to be run using software from file distribution services such as the CERN-VM File System (CVMFS). Since the OSG provides a large amount of resources for uniprocessor jobs with modest memory requirements, it is ideal to use for Monte Carlo simulations and parameter sweeps. This can be useful for physics experiments that require significant computations of these tasks, such as the LZ experiment. In this presentation we discuss the capabilities of the OSG as a supplementary resource to alleviate the computing burden of such experiments. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00072: Long-Lived Particles at B Factories Albany Blackburn, Mavis Stone, Mason Acevedo, Nikita Blinov, Brian Shuve We investigate the sensitivity of searches for displaced vertices from decays of long-lived particles (LLPs) at Belle II. By using effective field theory methods, we derive the possible decay modes of the LLP, finding that LLPs can generically decay to more than two charged particles. This enables us to investigate searches for displaced vertices with at least two tracks and/or multiple displaced vertices in the event. To demonstrate the broad applicability of this approach, we study the sensitivity of several LLP pair-production mechanisms, including dark photons and dark Higgs bosons. Exploring dark photon masses from 4 - 7 GeV and dark Higgs boson masses from approximately 2 - 4 GeV, we find that Belle II could detect dark photon kinetic mixings as small as 10$^{-6}$ and B meson branching fractions as small as 10$^{-8}$. This work is complementary to experiments at the LHC due to the low masses and momenta of the particles involved and illustrates that a search for multi-track displaced vertices at Belle II offers sensitivity to broad classes of hidden sector LLPs. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00073: Status of the Measurement of Neutrino-Electron Elastic Scattering in the NOvA Near Detector Wenjie Wu NOvA is a long-baseline accelerator neutrino experiment primarily designed to measure neutrino oscillations. A high purity muon neutrino beam is produced at Fermilab with a central energy of approximately 1.8 GeV. NOvA consists of a near detector located 1 km downstream of the beam target at Fermilab and a far detector located 810 km away in Ash River, Minnesota. The large uncertainty in the absolute neutrino flux affects cross-section measurements in the near detector. Since the cross-section of the neutrino-electron elastic scattering can be accurately calculated, it provides an in situ constraint on the absolute flux. We present the status of the measurement of the neutrino-electron elastic scattering rate using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to identify signal events in an inclusive dataset. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00074: Charged Pion Production in Electron-Neutrino Charged-Current Interactions in the NOvA Near Detector Anne Christensen NOvA is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. The main physics goals of NOvA are the measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters, determination of the neutrino mass ordering, and observation of CP violation. NuMI, an intense muon neutrino beam, is produced at Fermilab, and neutrino interactions are observed in a near detector (ND) 1 km downstream from the target, and at a far detector, 810 km away. The high statistics dataset collected at the NOvA ND allows for new and novel cross-section measurements of neutrino interactions. The rate of electron-neutrino ($\nu_e$) charged-current (CC) interactions resulting in a charged pion has never been measured before. In this poster, we present the main goals and motivation of the analysis and simulation studies indicating the key reconstruction features in signal events and kinematic distributions of final-state pions and electrons. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00075: QCD opportunities with forward neutrinos during the HL-LHC phase Maria Vittoria Garzelli Several pilot experiments have been proposed and/or are already under construction, capable of exploiting forward beams of neutrinos produced in $pp$ collisions at the LHC, that propagate towards detectors located at several hundred meters from the interaction point. These experiments are equipped with detectors where interaction cross-sections of these highly energetic neutrinos are measured. The possibility of increasing the size of these detectors and building a Forward Physics Facility capable of hosting a number of them during the High Luminosity phase of LHC is currently under investigation. I focus on the QCD opportunities offered by such a possibility, in particular I show how measuring the fluxes and composition of the neutrino beams and their interactions at the detector site offers unique opportunities to constrain various non-perturbative QCD aspects, in the hypothesis that new-physics particles do not play a relevant role in the production, propagation and interaction of these neutrinos. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00076: A Complex Unified All-scale Potential for Positive and Negative Mass Judith Giannini The Standard Model faces challenges in its attempts to explain dark matter and dark energy. The Fractal Rings and Composite Elementary Particles Model (FRACEP) was developed as a possible alternative to shed some light on the problem. It is based on both positive and negative mass fundamental particles (Gp and Gn respectively), and it includes a fully-unified complex potential to characterize the behavior of these two mass sources. This potential is a function of mass and square-root of mass. It is real for positive mass sources, but complex for negative mass sources at every scale. The real component at the macro-scale far-field is consistent with Newton for positive and negative mass sources before a near-field transition to oscillation. The slightly out-of-phase oscillation could allow quasi-stable mixed-mass particles without the usual expected runaway repulsion between the positive and negative mass components. The closest-separation, near-field oscillation for the Gn-Gp interaction quickly grows to the large repulsive level expected for a creation event – a condition that might have driven an inflationary expansion of space in the early universe. The potential’s complex behavior might help explain some of the dark matter and energy puzzle. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00077: The Radiation Magnetic Force (\textbf{\textit{F}}$_{\mathbf{mR}})$. Mahmoud Yousif In 1820 {\O}rsted discovered electric current produced Circular Magnetic Field (\textbf{\textit{CMF}}), originated from electron's movement, but not incorporated in theoretical works; the mutual interactions of electric fields and different magnetic fields, represents the attractive and repulsive forces resulted from \textit{field's interaction}; as electron's and proton's CMF hold magnetic energy, its transformed into Electromagnetic Radiation (\textbf{\textit{EM-R}}) when integrated with Electric Field during the Flip-Flop process; a relationship between frequency of \textbf{\textit{EM-R}} and a constant derived the Radiation Magnetic Force (F$_{\mathrm{mR}})$, embedded in EM-R, it's \begin{center} F$_{\mathrm{mR}}=\surd $y $v^{\mathrm{3}}$ \end{center} Where, $v$ is frequency, y is Constant of Radiation $=$ 1.9063181614361072009999849625463x10$^{\mathrm{-61}}$ N$^{\mathrm{2}}$. Hz$^{\mathrm{-3}}$. F$_{\mathrm{mR}}$ is similar to Planck's constant $h$; its absence forced Einstein to invoke photon; it remove electron in Photoelectric Effects, excited and ionized atoms, initiate production of secondary \textbf{\textit{EM-R}} in Compton Effect, help explain the double slit experiment; the poster is to better understand the nature and mechanisms of \textbf{\textit{EM-R}} and microscopic world, develop advance systems of lights among others. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00078: A Search for new physics in the diphoton final state using multivariate analysis Matthew Joyce Previous analyses utilizing the diphoton plus missing transverse momentum final state have been limited by spurious missing transverse momentum originating from the QCD background. In order to improve the sensitivity of such analyses we need to decrease this background further than previous iterations by using multivariate techniques. Prospects for this technique and a preliminary investigation of the expected sensitivity improvements using the full Run II dataset will be presented. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00079: The 7 Elementary Fields of Particle Physics Alan M. Kadin The standard model includes over 60 particles, including antiparticles, flavors, and colors. That is too many to be truly fundamental. In a novel conceptual picture, these particles are mostly binary ``molecules'' of 7 elementary fields: the electric field and a conjugate charge field, the weak field and a conjugate lepton field, and 3 color fields (red, blue, and green). For example, the electron is composed of a charge field bound to a lepton field; a quark is composed of a charge field bound to a color field; and a gluon is two coupled color fields. This picture further envisions distributed mass, charge, and spin associated with rotation of vector fields. Antiparticles and flavors follow simply within this picture. This is not yet a theory, but implications for development of a theory will be discussed. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00080: Searches for lepton flavour and lepton number violation in K$^{\mathrm{+}}$ decays Jan Jerhot The NA62 experiment at CERN collected a large sample of charged kaon decays into final states with multiple charged particles in 2016-2018. This sample provides sensitivities to rare decays with branching ratios as low as 10$^{\mathrm{-11}}$. Based on this data set, searches for lepton flavour and lepton number violating decays of the charged kaon into final states containing a lepton pair are presented. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00081: Leptogenesis through Sterile Neutrino Oscillations in the Presence of Dark Higgs Bosons Jane Schlesinger, Ina Flood, Rafael Porto, Brian Shuve, Maxwell Thum We assess the viability of baryogenesis through right-handed neutrino (RHN) oscillation in models with a dark Higgs boson mediator between the RHNs and the Standard Model. The effects of the dark Higgs are examined both through the number of sterile neutrinos produced and their effect on asymmetry generation. For sufficiently strong couplings between the dark higgs and either the Standard Model or the RHNs, the asymmetry generated by the time of the electroweak phase transition drops significantly because the RHNs come into equilibrium, violating the out-of-equilibrium condition of baryogenesis. Additionally, we find that time dependence of the dark Higgs abundance must be accounted for and has an effect on the number of RHNs and therefore the overall asymmetry generated. To this end, we systematically explore asymmetry generation as a function the dark higgs and RHN couplings. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00082: Automatic Leptonic Tensor Generation for Beyond the Standard Model Theories Diego Lopez Gutierrez, Joshua Isaacson With the development of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) and Tokai-to-Hyper-Kamiokande (T2HK), we are entering the era of high-precision neutrino measurements. The colossal output of data from DUNE, plus the current data from several other neutrino experiments, will require a fast and efficient method of testing our BSM models in event generators. However, current methods for implementing a BSM theory in the event generators are prone to errors and time-consuming. We propose a novel program capable of automatically calculating the leptonic tensor for a given quantum field theory Lagrangian. This program is written in Python and utilizes the Universal FeynRules Output (UFO) format, the Lark package, and the Berends-Giele recursive relations to produce leptonic tensors that can be automatically implemented in several neutrino event generators, including those of DUNE. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00083: Latest result on the search for the K$^{\mathrm{+}}\to \pi ^{\mathrm{+}}\nu \nu $ decay at the NA62 experiment at CERN Enrico Lari The ultra-rare K$^{\mathrm{+}}\to \pi^{\mathrm{+}}\nu \nu $ decay benefits from a precisely predicted Standard Model branching ratio of O(10$^{\mathrm{-11}})$, almost free from theoretical uncertainties. Most important, it benefits from a high sensitivity to many beyond-the-standard-model scenarios, making it one of the best candidates to reveal indirect effects of new physics in the flavour sector. The NA62 experiment at the CERN SPS, proposed and designed to measure the branching ratio of K$^{\mathrm{+}}\to \pi^{\mathrm{+}}\nu \nu $ with a decay-in-flight technique, collected data in 2016-2018. The latest result of the data analysis will be presented. This result represents the most accurate measurement of this ultra-rare decay achieved so far. Prospects and plans for future data taking will also be outlined. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00084: Quark Fusion and Magic Numbers for Stability of Quark Compounds Ajit Hira, Jose Pacheco, Bridget Ortiz, Edwardine Fernandez, Mario Valerio We continue our work on the investigation of the properties of quarks, antiquarks and of quark-antiquark compounds with this theoretical paper on quark fusion, and on search for magic numbers for quark compounds, using some Python and Fortran codes that we developed. The fusion of b quarks from gluon splitting and sea-quark distributions at the LHC is vital for testing heavy Z0 models where the Z0 boson preferably couples to quarks in the third generations. We formulate a heavy-quark distribution function to combine the processes~\textit{QQ\textasciimacron }$\to H$~and~\textit{gQ}$\to $\textit{HQ}~with the process~\textit{gg}$\to $\textit{QQ\textasciimacron H,}~and obtain a cross section with potentially large logarithms, of order ln(mH/mQ) summed to all orders in the strong coupling scenario. For the multi-quark systems, the wave functions were first analyzed by group-theoretical techniques, with the antiquark having infinite mass and the quarks belonging to a multiplet. We also describe some possible laboratory experiments that may be used in testing our computational results. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00085: Improved determination of fusion events measured with the Multi-Sampling Ionization Chamber MuSIC@Indiana James Johnstone, Rohit Kumar, Varinderjit Singh, Sylvie Hudan, Romualdo deSouza A Multi-Sampling Ionization Chamber (MuSIC) provides as an efficient means to measure fusion excitation functions for low-intensity radioactive beams. Segmentation of the anode along the beam direction allows measurement of the energy loss of both beam and fusion products. However, due to the finite anode size this approach typically results in significant energy uncertainty in the measured fusion excitation function. To reduce this energy uncertainty, a new analysis methodology was developed. In the new approach, the energy loss of the entire event is utilized. Through comparison of the measured energy loss track to a library of simulated beam and fusion events, the position of the fusion event and the identity of the fusion product is determined. Details of the approach and its implementation will be presented. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00086: The DOE Nuclear Physics SBIR/STTR Program Michelle Shinn The Office of Nuclear Physics (NP) Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR)/ Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Program annually funds R{\&}D in four Topics: Software and Data Management, Electronics Design and Fabrication, Accelerator Technology, and Instrumentation, Detection Systems and Techniques. Approximately half of the awards are in the areas of Electronics and Instrumentation. I will discuss the program and how it is structured to provide state-of-the-art hardware and software for the nuclear physics community in order to meet requirements for experiments planned some 4-7 years in the future. As a side benefit, to best fulfill these requirements, PIs often work with academics and facility staff, providing members of the community opportunities they might otherwise not have to work with colleagues in the applied R{\&}D sector. Throughout my talk I will highlight innovations that will advance our nation's capability to perform nuclear physics research, and more specifically to improve scientific productivity at DOE NP Scientific User Facilities and the wider NP community's experimental programs. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00087: Superconducting RF Cavities for the Axion Dark Mater Experiment Thomas Braine The Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX) searches for Axions, a dark matter candidate, by conversion to photons in a high magnetic field that are then detected within a resonant cavity. The rate that the detector scans potential axion masses (or photon frequency) is linear with the quality factor of the cavity. Though superconducting cavities can have several orders of magnitude higher quality factors than copper, they often degrade significantly in the high magnetic fields required for Axion detection. Recently, some superconductors have shown potential for quality factors greater than copper even in high magnetic fields. In this work, we present our progress on studying different materials, primarily Niobium, Nb$_{\mathrm{3}}$Sn and NbTi. The materials are tested within cavities with varying purpose-built geometries, that can operate in a Physical Properties Measurement System, capable of fields up to 14 T and temperatures down to 2 K. This is part of the design studies for the next phase of ADMX covering the 2-4 GHz range. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00088: Four Proofs of Particle to Wave of Energy Ratio by Three to One Gregory Light We begin with a literature review of wave-particle duality and then proceed with four alternative mathematical proofs of the energy ratio of particle to wave to be 3 to 1. The first proof is by an application of Gauss divergence theorem, with the values of c, G, and h altered along with their associated units; the second is a variation of the first by keeping all the physical constants; the third is by a separation of photon as a point particle from its associated electromagnetic wave as a field; the fourth is based on the fact that a ball of radius 1 has its spherical area of value 3 to 1 in ratio to its volume. We conclude with a discussion of the limit of our analysis and for phenomenological support of our model.. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00089: Bell's Future Quantum Mechanics Interpretation Douglas Sweetser In 1935, Einstein, Polodsky, and Rosen proposed that variables hidden in the past lightcone could explain how quantum mechanics worked. The inherent uncertainty of quantum mechanics was traded for something more real, variables that are hidden. This proposal was not easy to dismiss given Einstein's stature. In the 1960s, John Bell found an inequality that could test if variables are hidden in the past lightcone or the entangled states of quantum mechanics were somehow real because quantum information was non-local. If one asks the same question the same way, both models make identical predictions. If questions are asked at a different angle, the hidden variable hypothesis is unchanged. Quantum mechanics says correlations between measurements become stronger. Experiments since the 1980s have always confirmed quantum mechanics is non-local. Hidden variable models are wrong. Events in the past light cone determine both the classical and relativistic future. My proposal is that quantum mechanics makes productive use only of events that are all outside the light cone, that all events are space-like separated from the observer. Such events can tell you nothing about here-now. They can predict the future odds of events happening at a particular place in space-time (future-here). [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00090: Search for Long-Lived Particles Decaying to Jets with Displaced Vertices Shaun Hogan Particles with macroscopically-long lifetimes are a common feature in models of physics beyond the standard model. We present the results of a search for pair-produced long-lived particles using data from proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13 \textup{ TeV}$. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 140 fb$^{-1}$, acquired from 2015 to 2018. Long-lived particles with mean proper decay lengths between 0.1 and 100 mm that decay into at least two quarks are targeted. The search signature is a pair of displaced vertices which are required to be inside the beam pipe, each formed of multiple tracks. No events with two displaced high-track-multiplicity vertices are observed. Results are interpreted in the context of two R-parity violating supersymmetry models which predict long-lived neutralinos and gluinos, and exclusion limits from the analysis are presented. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00091: How do elementary particles come to possess their property of charge? Scott Gordon The standard model tells us about the fundamental particles and details of how they interact through the fundamental forces; as stated on The \underline {CERN} website, ``although the Standard Model accurately describes the phenomena within its domain, it is still incomplete. Perhaps it is only a part of a bigger picture that includes new physics hidden deep in the subatomic world or in the dark recesses of the universe. New information from experiments at the LHC will help us to find more of these missing pieces.'' But what if it is not possible for any CERN experiment (or elsewhere) to expose the missing pieces? \underline {Wikipedia} states that ``elementary particles are particles with no measurable internal structure''. With no measurable internal structure, there is no experimental way to gain knowledge into the internal structure of elementary particles. This would mean that it is not possible using our current scientific tools of investigation to find a mechanism that explains how elementary particles comes to possess their properties, including the property of charge. Hierarchy of Energy theory is a new theory that models the internal structure of the up quark and electron which is in total agreement with known physics. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00092: COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00093: Modeling Astrophysical Solids with FleCSPH Irina Sagert, Oleg Korobkin, Bing-Jyun Tsao, Ingo Tews, Hyun Lim, Julien Loiseau We present the implementation of solid material modeling into FleCSPH [1], a general-purpose Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) code, developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. FleCSPH can efficiently compute hydrodynamic and long-range particle interactions like gravity. This, together with the implementation of various equations of state for nuclear matter as well as terrestrial materials, makes FleCSPH an interesting tool for astrophysical simulations.\\ The solid SPH implementation is intended to investigate the dynamical behavior of astrophysical solids, including matter in planetary impacts as well as the behavior of the solid neutron star crust. Here, we will give an overview of FleCSPH, show standard tests for the implemented elastic perfectly plastic material modeling and give a summary of current and future applications in planetary impact and compact star simulations.\\ \newline [1] FleCSPH: The next generation FleCSIble parallel computational infrastructure for smoothed particle hydrodynamics, J. Loiseau, H. Lim, M. A. Kaltenborn, O. Korobkin, C. M. Mauney, I. Sagert, W. P. Even, B. K. Bergen, Software X, Vol. 12 (2020) [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00094: Studying Neutron Star Oscillations with General Relativistic Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Bing-Jyun Tsao, Oleg Korobkin, Hyun Lim, Irina Sagert, Ingo Tews, Julien Loiseau With the recent detections of neutron star mergers via gravitational waves, such as GW170817 and GW190425, future gravitational-wave observations, and their electromagnetic counterparts, it has become important to have robust and accurate numerical simulations of neutron stars to interpret the gravitational wave signal. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is especially suitable to study compact object mergers as it can handle extreme matter deformation and material ejection. However, simulations of neutron star mergers with SPH that include effects of general relativity are highly non-trivial. In this poster, we present the implementation of general relativistic hydrodynamics into the new LANL SPH code FleCSPH, which allows us to study oscillations of single compact stars in the dynamical and non-linear regime. We simulate spherically symmetric and rotating neutron stars and compare our results to oscillation modes in the literature. This approach presents a venue to study the dynamical behavior of the solid neutron star crust with the long-term goal to simulate deformation and shattering of the crust during a merger event. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00095: GRAVITATION |
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KP01.00096: Foundations for a New Quantum Theory of Gravity Travis Rogowski Postulating that a Quantum Theory of Gravity ought to have a quantized spacetime, a Euclidean spacetime is built, by simply reorganizing the metric, $dt^2 = d\tau^2 + d\vec{x}^2$, that preserves fundamental principles of Special Relativity. Motion through a discrete Eucl. s.t must be probabilistic, for a point particle cannot move in between position sites, but only move one or none in a given direction. Requiring this motion to be inherently uncertain, along with a rule for determining the probability of moving one site, naturally produces Quantum Mechanics as is traditionally understood. Piecing things to together here, QM and SR are fundamentally the same process of inherently uncertain and probabilistic motion in discrete Eucl. s.t. QFT uses a Eucl. s.t, but only as a mathematical trick. Here, it's taken to be the actual fabric of the Universe, and , especially being discrete, an Absolute spacetime, and thus, answers the Time Problem. Where $dt$ is absolute time, and $d\tau$ is the relative experience of time. It's clear to see that QFT cannot be quantized for gravity because it's an improper union of SR and QM. Heisnberg's U.R. predicting 'lattice' spacing, double slit results, emergent wave nature, and the building blocks for incorporating gravity will also discussed. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00097: Huygens Analogy Between Propagation of Light Waves in Ether and Sound Waves in Air Siavash Sohrab According to a scale-invariant model of Boltzmann statistical mechanics$^{\mathrm{1}}$ speed of light is identified as root-mean-square speed of photons in physical space identified as a compressible tachyon fluid, Planck compressible ether, that is de Broglie hidden thermostat or Casimir vacuum. In accordance with perceptions of Huygens$^{\mathrm{2}}$, propagation of light waves in ether is found to be analogous to that of sound waves in air with the ratio of \textit{longitudinal} to \textit{transverse} velocities given as $c_{l} /c_{t} =\sqrt 3 $. Photons are considered to have \textit{helical trajectories} due to their periodic (axial, angular, radial) motions along cylindrical ``\textit{strings}'' with three \textit{simultaneously independent} coordinates $(z,\theta ,r)$and by Boltzmann equipartition principle, have Wien$^{\mathrm{1}}$ velocities $(v_{wz} =c/\sqrt {3\mbox{\thinspace }} ,\thinspace v_{w\theta } =c/\sqrt {3\mbox{\thinspace }} ,\thinspace v_{wr} =c/\sqrt {3\mbox{\thinspace }} )$ leading to photon atomic internal energy $\hat{{u}}=m_{o} c^{2}=3kT$ and atomic enthalpy $\hat{{h}}=\hat{{u}}+p\hat{{v}}=mc^{2}=4kT$ hence Hasen\"{o}hrl $\gamma =4/3$ factor in $^{\mathrm{\thinspace }}m=(4/3)m_{o} $ (S. H. Sohrab, \textit{APS Bulletin, April}2017). With atomic potential energy $p\hat{{v}}=\hat{{u}}/3$ and ideal gas law $p=\rho RT$, speed of light waves $c=\sqrt {3kT/m_{o} } =\sqrt {3k{T}'/2m_{o} } $ in photon gas or Casimir vacuum is in close agreement with Laplace formula $c=\sqrt {\gamma R{T}'} $ for speed of sound waves in ideal gas$^{\mathrm{3}}$. $^{\mathrm{1}}$ Sohrab, S. H.,\textit{ ASME J. Energy Resources Technology} \textbf{138}: 1-12 (2016). $^{\mathrm{2}}$ Huygens, C., \textit{Treatise on Light}, p.14, Dover, 1912. $^{\mathrm{3}}$ Krout, K. A., and Sohrab, S. H., \textit{Int. J. Therm}odynamics \quad \textbf{19}: 29-34 (2016). [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00098: Observing the Correlation Between Scattering, Anthropogenic Noise, and Astronomical Range in LIGO Detectors Nii-Boi Quartey, Marissa Walker The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) is a large scale observatory capable of detecting gravitational waves. However, transient, systematic noise events are present in the detector's data. We call these events ``glitches,'' and they can produce false gravitational-wave (GW) triggers in our data analysis pipelines. To best identify true GW events, these glitches must be well understood and removed. After using a custom pipeline called Omicron to find glitches in the data, the Gravity Spy project helps LIGO scientists better understand these glitches by using machine learning to classify them by their shape. By calculating the rate at which glitches occur for each category, we can see how different types of glitches increase or decrease in frequency. I will present plans for a study exploring how we can use the average rate of glitches over time to characterize different types of noise in the LIGO detectors. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00099: Using Deep Neural Networks to Identify Transient Noise in Advanced LIGO Detectors Siddharth Soni Advanced LIGO data quality is adversely affected by short duration noise transients, also known as glitches. These glitches can be categorized into different classes based on their appearance in the time-frequency plane. This work is done by GravitySpy, a machine learning framework used for classifying transient noise at LIGO into separate classes. During the third Observing run, we noticed a new transient noise known as Fast Scattering, whose glitch morphology did not match with any of the existing glitch categories. Here I present my work on retraining the GravitySpy algorithm to recognize this new glitch category and the resulting improvement in our understanding of the transient noise. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00100: First search for r-mode gravitational waves from J0537-6910 Liudmila Fesik, Maria Alessandra Papa We report results of the first search to date for continuous gravitational waves from unstable r-modes from the pulsar J0537-6910. We use data from the first two observing runs of the Advanced LIGO network. We find no significant signal candidate and set upper limits on the amplitude of gravitational wave signals, which are within an order of magnitude of the spin-down values. We highlight the importance of having timing information at the time of the gravitational wave observations, i.e. rotation frequency and frequency-derivative values, and glitch occurrence times, such as those that a NICER campaign could provide. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00101: Multi-Messenger Constraints on the Galactic Electron Density Maryam Haytham Esmat, Katelyn Breivik, Shane Larson The galactic electron density is challenging to constrain because distances to radio sources are notoriously difficult to measure. LISA, a future space-based gravitational-wave detector, will be able to measure the distance to pulsars in binaries with orbital periods less than roughly 20 minutes. Using multi-messenger astronomy, namely gravitational waves and radio emission, the observed distance and the dispersion measure of pulsars in close binary systems can be used to directly constrain the galactic electron density. We simulate the population of neutron stars in binary systems in the Milky Way using the Compact Object Synthesis {\&} Monte Carlo Investigation (COSMIC) code to determine how many neutron stars are both detectable by gravitational waves and radio emission. From this population, we aim to constrain current models of the galactic electron density. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00102: Late time radio observations of GW170817 Arvind Balasubramanian, Dr. Alessandra Corsi GW170817 has been instrumental in providing important clues into the physics involved in mergers of neutron stars. Observations at different wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum have provided evidence for the formation of heavier elements, insights into jet physics, circum-merger environment etc. and accompanied with gravitational wave measurements, have changed the way we look at such transients. In particular, radio observations track the fastest moving ejecta and have helped to zero in on possible models that could explain the observed radiation. Radio observations of the jet+cocoon afterglow has helped in showing that the jet is structured and has successfully bored through the slower moving cocoon. Models predict that synchrotron emission from the much slower and isotropic, kilonova ejecta, will begin to dominate at late times (\~3-5 years). Here, we present late-time observations of GW170817 carried out with the Jansky VLA more than 3 years after the merger, and discuss these observations in the context of the predictions for the kilonova afterglow. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00103: GW190814: implications on the maximum mass of neutron stars Elias Most, Jens Papenfort, Lukas Weih, Luciano Rezzolla The gravitational wave event GW190814 was the result of the merger of a $\sim 23\,M_{\odot}$ black hole with a secondary object having a mass of $\sim 2.6\,M_{\odot}$. This secondary could either have been the lightest black hole or the most massive neutron star ever observed. In this talk, I will argue that the secondary could well have been a neutron star at some point before or at merger, if it was rapidly spinning. Using universal relations connecting the masses and spins of uniformly rotating neutron stars, I will show how to estimate the dimensionless spin $0.49 < \chi < 0.68$ and to compute a strict lower limit on the maximum mass, $M_{\rm TOV} > 2.08^{+0.04}_{-0.04}\, \,M_{\odot}$, of nonrotating neutron stars. In the remainder of the talk, I will also comment on the implications of this for maximum mass bounds coming from the GW170817 gravitational wave event. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00104: Binary black hole spectroscopy: a no-hair test of GW190814 and GW190412 Collin Capano, Alex Nitz Gravitational waves provide a window to probe general relativity (GR) under extreme conditions. The recent observations of GW190412 and GW190814 are unique high-mass-ratio mergers that enable the observation of gravitational-wave harmonics beyond the dominant $(\ell, m) = (2, 2)$ mode. Using these events, we search for physics beyond GR by allowing the source parameters measured from the sub-dominant harmonics to deviate from that of the dominant mode. All results are consistent with GR. In particular, we find that the chirp mass inferred from the observable sub-dominant harmonic agrees with general relativity to percent-level precision. I will discuss our methods, results, and prospects for the future. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00105: Dipole gravitational waves from compact binaries Franklin Felber During the sudden final inspirals of black-hole and neutron-star binaries, acceleration of the center of mass and other nonlinear relativistic effects produce powerful bursts of dipole gravitational radiation. The first observed inspiral event, GW150914, is estimated to have produced dipole gravitational radiation up to the order of 1 percent of the total radiated power and 10 percent of the strain signal. These estimates are not inconsistent with the observed unfiltered strain signals [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00106: Cauchy Characteristic Matching Sizheng Ma, Jordan Moxon, Mark Scheel Two major approaches are used when numerically solving the Einstein field equations. The first one is to use spatial Cauchy slices and treat the system as a standard Cauchy initial value problem. Cauchy-characteristic evolution (CCE) serves as the second approach, which evolves spacetime based on null hypersurfaces. The Cauchy formulation is suitable for the strong field region but is computationally expensive to extend to the wave zone, whereas the Characteristic approach is fast in the wave zone but fails near the binary system where the null surfaces are ill-defined. By combining those two techniques --- simulating the inner region with Cauchy evolution and outer region with CCE, Cauchy-Characteristic matching (CCM) enables us to take advantage of both methods. In this talk, I present our recent implementation of CCM based on a numerical relativity code SpECTRE. We also discuss how CCM improves the accuracy of Cauchy boundary conditions --- a benefit which allows us to evolve less of the wave zone in the Cauchy code without losing precision. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00107: Near equal mass black hole - neutron star mergers: General-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations with realistic microphysics Elias Most, Jens Papenfort, Samuel Tootle, Luciano Rezzolla Recent detections of high mass gravitational wave events in the upper neutron star mass range have raised the question, if near equal mass black hole --neutron star (BHNS) systems could form and merge, and how they would be distinct from a binary neutron star merger. In this talk, I will present general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) simulations of the merger and post-merger evolution of several near equal mass BHNS systems covering the first 100-200 ms after merger. These simulations are among the few to self-consistently include the magnetic field during the merger and use finite-temperature equations of state and neutrino cooling effects. Based on these simulations, I will comment on the general properties of the mass ejection, the magnetic field topology and the evolution of the remnant accretion disk. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00108: Measuring Planck scale U(1) gauge interactions in Quantised Inertia using IKKT gravity George Soli A theoretical foundation required to measure the effects of quantum statistics on inertia and gravity is presented. Optical pressure in fiberoptic loops, caused by the reflection of electromagnetic radiation, is used to produce spontaneously emitted Unruh photons in the fiberoptic. The Unruh photons stimulate the emission of superradiant photons in the accelerated reference frame, that are observed as photon pairs produced by fiberoptic heat in the laboratory reference frame. An analogy using tidal friction superradiance is presented. Inertia is defined as an entropic force that is emergent from the IKKT matrix model and caused by ``mild'' UV/IR mixing. Dark energy density is used to define the source of the quantum statistical fluctuations responsible for inertia and the to-be measured quantum statistical effects. Recent analysis of Unruh photons, measured at CERN and produced by accelerating positrons, averages with the superradiant photons produced in the Bosonic fiberoptic to produce IKKT supersymmetric mixed states. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00109: Global and Local Quaternion Conformal Symmetries As Twin Roads to Special Relativity and Gravity Douglas Sweetser The real and complex numbers are treated as rank-0 tensors in physics. Both these numbers are subgoups of quaternions, a 4D division algebra. Quaternion will also be treated as rank 0 tensors not needing a metric tensor to form a square. Examine the real and imaginary conformal symmetries of the square, $f(q)=q^2$. If two observers agree to the real part of $q^2$, then the two form inertial observers. The phase of the square, 2 Re(q) Im(q), can be used to determine the precise relationship between the two observers. The real part of $q^2$ commutes with all other quaternions which may be why this is a global symmetry. If two observers agree to the imaginary part of $q^2$, that is consistent with all weak field tests of gravity to date as changes in time multiplied by changes in space cancel. While this is a happy approximate accident for the Schwarzschild solution of general relativity, it is worth studying if this is only what gravity is about, conformal symmetry for number theory, not solutions to tensor calculus differential equations. The phase symmetry is local because the imaginary part of quaternions do not commute globally. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00110: Low-$p_T$ $e^+e^{-}$ pair production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm {NN}}}=54.4$~GeV~at~STAR Xiaofeng Wang In high-energy heavy-ion collisions, strong electromagnetic fields arising from the Lorentz-contraction of large amounts of charge in nuclei generate a large flux of high-energy quasi-real photons. Dielectrons can be produced via the interaction of these photons. Dielectron production from photon-photon scattering is distinctly peaked at very low transverse momentum ($p_T$\textless0.15 GeV/c). Traditionally these photon-photon processes were expected to exist only in Ultra-Peripheral Collisions (UPC). However, it has been recently realized that even in peripheral collisions, the dielectron production at very low transverse momentum mainly originates from the two photon interactions, which provides a possible tool to directly measure the giant magnetic field created in heavy-ion collisions. In this presentation, we will present measurements of dielectron production at low transverse momentum in peripheral (80-100\%) Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm {NN}}}=54.4$ GeV at STAR. [Preview Abstract] |
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KP01.00111: Inferring Dark Matter Properties from Tidal Deformability Measurements of Binary Neutron Stars Divya Singh, Anuradha Gupta, B. Sathyaprakash, Sanjay Reddy, Emanuele Berti We explore the capability of future gravitational-wave detectors like the proposed US Cosmic Explorer and the European Einstein Telescope to distinguish between populations of black-holes formed through dark-matter induced implosions of neutron stars and neutron stars using tidal deformability measurements. The tidal deformability parameter is inferred by the equation of state of the neutron star, and can inform if and how much dark matter has accumulated inside the star. For a neutron star to implode and form a black-hole, dark matter particles must get captured in its core and thermalize forming a self-gravitating mass that exceeds the Chandrasekhar mass forming a mini black-hole. If this mini black-hole is large enough to overcome Hawking radiation, it continues to accrete till it consumes the neutron star completely. The timescales over which these processes occur determine the relative rates and population densities of 3 compact binary populations in the mass range 1-3 solar masses - binary neutron stars, binary black-holes, or neutron star-black hole binaries. We use tidal deformability measurements of these binaries to constrain dark matter particle mass and interaction cross-section, which determine the rate of capture of dark matter inside neutron star cores. [Preview Abstract] |
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