Bulletin of the American Physical Society
20th Biennial Conference of the APS Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter
Volume 62, Number 9
Sunday–Friday, July 9–14, 2017; St. Louis, Missouri
Session E3: Detonation and Shock-Induced Chemistry: Product EOS |
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Chair: Larry Fried, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Room: Grand Ballroom FG |
Monday, July 10, 2017 3:30PM - 3:45PM |
E3.00001: The Dependence of Ammonal Detonation Product Energy on Cylinder Test Scale Eric Anderson, Scott Jackson For a detonation to propagate steadily, the compression shock must be supported by a sufficient amount of energy from the chemical reaction zone. Flow divergence reduces the available energy to drive the detonation forward, resulting in the diameter-effect and eventually detonation failure as charge size is reduced. Similarly, product energy tends to decrease with decreasing charge size. Non-ideal explosives such as Ammonium Nitrate blended with Aluminum Powder (Ammonal) are particularly sensitive to flow divergence. To quantify the effect of flow divergence on Ammonal performance, we applied an analytic method to examine cylinder test wall velocity profiles from Ammonal tests with inner diameters of 12.7 mm up to 76.2 mm. For these tests, we report detonation velocity and detonation product isentropes and energies. In addition, analysis of the velocity profiles revealed an experimental measurement of the Rayleigh line, which agreed well with the theoretical Rayleigh line for all experiments. Using this feature we are able to report inferred reaction zone times. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, July 10, 2017 3:45PM - 4:00PM |
E3.00002: Comparison of Slab and Cylinder Expansion Test Geometries for PBX 9501 Scott Jackson, Eric Anderson, Tariq Aslam, Von Whitley The slab expansion test or ``sandwich test'' is the two-dimensional analog of the axisymmetric cylinder expansion test. The test consists of a high-aspect-ratio rectangular cuboid of high explosive with the two large sides confined by a thin metal confiner. Analysis of the confiner motion after the passage of the detonation yields the detonation product isentrope, which is a specialized form of the product equation of state. The slab expansion geometry inherently exhibits a lower product expansion rate and lower plastic work on the confiner than the cylinder expansion geometry. The slab geometry does, however, have a shorter test time. We review recent slab and cylinder expansion data with PBX 9501, the associated equation of state analysis, and the advantages of each geometry for different applications. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, July 10, 2017 4:00PM - 4:15PM |
E3.00003: Numerical Parameter Optimization of the Ignition and Growth Model for HMX Based Plastic Bonded Explosives James Gambino, Craig Tarver, H. Keo Springer, Bradley White, Laurence Fried We present a novel method for optimizing parameters of the Ignition and Growth reactive flow (I{\&}G) model for high explosives. The I{\&}G model can yield accurate predictions of experimental observations. However, calibrating the model is a time-consuming task especially with multiple experiments. In this study, we couple the differential evolution global optimization algorithm to simulations of shock initiation experiments in the multi-physics code ALE3D. We develop parameter sets for HMX based explosives LX-07 and LX-10. The optimization finds the I{\&}G model parameters that globally minimize the difference between calculated and experimental shock time of arrival at embedded pressure gauges. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. DOE by LLNL under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. LLNS, LLC LLNL-ABS- 724898 [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, July 10, 2017 4:15PM - 4:30PM |
E3.00004: Simulations of the DAXUMM and DAX Experiments Gerrit Sutherland, Matthew Biss The U.S. Army Research Laboratory uses small-scale experiments to determine explosive properties (detonation pressure and velocity) using a minimal amount of material. The disk acceleration experiment (DAX) [1] uses an end detonated cylindrical explosive charge in which a velocity of a thin metal plate affixed to the opposing end is measured with a photonic Doppler velocimeter. In contrast, the disk acceleration experiment utilizing minimal material (DAXUMM) [2] uses a centrally detonated mostly spherical charge with a flat region formed on the sphere. Like the DAX, a thin metal plate is affixed to the flat region. From methods of Lorenz [1] and Biss [3] features of the velocity records can be used to determine detonation pressure and velocities. Simulations are presented that show the following. First, simulations predict the differences in the plate velocity histories between the two configurations and will be compared to experiments. Second, the simulations predict the response of each test if a non-ideal explosive (large reaction zone) is used. The presence of a large reaction zone is speculated to affect the velocity histories. Finally, the simulations will predict the effect of unfilled or filled voids (mineral oil) adjacent to the metal plate. Such voids are speculated to be present during some experiments and to have altered results. [1] Lorenz, K. T, et al. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 40.1 (2015): 95-108. [2] Biss, M. et al. APS Shock Compression of Condensed Matter Meeting Abstracts. Vol. 1. 2015. [3] Biss, M. " Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 38.4 (2013) [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, July 10, 2017 4:30PM - 4:45PM |
E3.00005: Detonation Performance Analyses for Recent Energetic Molecules Leonard Stiel, Philip Samuels, Kimberly Spangler, Daniel Iwaniuk, Rodger Cornell, Ernest Baker Detonation performance analyses were conducted for a number of evolving and potential high explosive materials. The calculations were completed for theoretical maximum densities of the explosives using the Jaguar thermo-chemical equation of state computer programs for performance evaluations and JWL/JWLB equations of state parameterizations. A number of recently synthesized materials were investigated for performance characterizations and comparisons to existing explosives, including TNT, RDX, HMX, and Cl-20. The analytic cylinder model was utilized to establish cylinder and Gurney velocities as functions of the radial expansions of the cylinder for each explosive. The densities and heats of formulation utilized in the calculations are primarily experimental values from Picatinny Arsenal and other sources. Several of the new materials considered were predicted to have enhanced detonation characteristics compared to conventional explosives. In order to confirm the accuracy of the Jaguar and analytic cylinder model results, available experimental detonation and Gurney velocities for representative energetic molecules and their formulations were compared with the corresponding calculated values. Close agreement was obtained with most of the data. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, July 10, 2017 4:45PM - 5:00PM |
E3.00006: Equation of State of Detonation Products for TNT by Aquarium Technique Yong Han During explosive detonation, the detonation pressure (P) and temperature (T) will decay quickly with the expansion of detonation products, and the damage effect is determined by the thermodynamic state of detonation products under high pressure. The traditional and important method for calibrating the parameters of thermodynamic state is cylinder test, but the results showed that when the cylinder expanded to a certain distance, the cylinder wall would break up and the detonation products would jet out, which would affect the accuracy of the calibration parameters of thermodynamic state. In this paper, the aquarium technique was used to study the detonation product thermodynamic state of TNT explosive, obtaining the shock wave track under the water and the trace of the interface between water and detonation products in the specific position with the high speed rotating mirror camera. By thermodynamic calculation program BKW and VHL, the parameters of equation of state were obtained. Using the parameters and the dynamic software LS-DYNA, the underwater explosion of TNT was simulated. Comparison with experimental results shows that the thermodynamic state parameters which is calculated by VHL is more accurate than that of BKW. It is concluded that the aquarium test is a more effective method to calibrate the thermodynamic state than cylinder test. [Preview Abstract] |
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