Bulletin of the American Physical Society
19th Biennial Conference of the APS Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter
Volume 60, Number 8
Sunday–Friday, June 14–19, 2015; Tampa, Florida
Session S5: Equation of State VIII: Reactive Materials |
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Chair: Peter Celliers, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Thomas Mattsson, Sandia National Laboratories Room: Grand I/J |
Thursday, June 18, 2015 9:15AM - 9:30AM |
S5.00001: Shock Hugoniot equations of state for binary water-alcohol liquid mixtures David Moore, Cynthia Bolme, Kathryn Brown, Shawn McGrane, Peter Schulze Shock Hugoniot data were obtained using laser generated shock and ultrafast dynamic ellipsometry (UDE) methods for several non-ideal water-alcohol liquid mixtures, using methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, and t-butanol (a.k.a., 2-methyl-2-propanol or tert-butanol). The sound speeds of the mixtures were obtained using Brillouin scattering when not available in the literature. The shock and particle velocities obtained from the UDE data were compared to expectations of the universal liquid Hugoniot (ULH) and to literature shock (plate impact) data where available. The shock Hugoniot trends for all these mixtures, represented as deviations from predictions of the ULH, versus fraction of alcohol are quite similar to each other and suggest that complex hydrogen bonding networks in water-alcohol mixtures alter the compressibility of the mixtures. Data and trends will be presented. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, June 18, 2015 9:30AM - 9:45AM |
S5.00002: Equations of state of detonation products: ammonia and methane John Lang, Dana Dattelbaum, Peter Goodwin, Daniel Garcia, Joshua Coe, Jeffery Leiding, Lloyd Gibson, Brian Bartram Ammonia (NH$_{\mathrm{3}})$ and methane (CH$_{\mathrm{4}})$ are two principal product gases resulting from explosives detonation, and the decomposition of other organic materials under shockwave loading (such as foams). Accurate thermodynamic descriptions of these gases are important for understanding the detonation performance of high explosives. However, shock compression data often do not exist for molecular species in the dense gas phase, and are limited in the fluid phase. Here, we present equation of state measurements of elevated initial density ammonia and methane gases dynamically compressed in gas-gun driven plate impact experiments. Pressure and density of the shocked gases on the principal Hugoniot were determined from direct particle velocity and shock wave velocity measurements recorded using optical velocimetry (Photonic Doppler velocimetry (PDV) and VISAR (velocity interferometer system for any reflector)). Streak spectroscopy and 5-color pyrometry were further used to measure the emission from the shocked gases, from which the temperatures of the shocked gases were estimated. Up to 0.07 GPa, ammonia was not observed to ionize, with temperature remaining below 7000K. These results provide quantitative measurements of the Hugoniot locus for improving equations of state models of detonation products. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, June 18, 2015 9:45AM - 10:00AM |
S5.00003: Thermodynamic and Optical Response of Multiply Shocked Liquid Nitromethane B.M. Flanders, J.M. Winey, Y.M. Gupta To investigate the thermodynamic and optical response of multiply shocked liquids, particle velocity profiles were measured for liquid nitromethane (NM) subjected to stepwise loading to a peak pressure of 10 GPa. Using a multi-point velocity interferometer (VISAR), wave profiles were obtained at both the front and rear interfaces of the thin (200 $\mu$m) liquid sample to obtain data regarding the thermodynamic response and the refractive index at the intermediate stepwise loading states, in addition to the peak state. Changes in the apparent velocity at the front sample interface were well accounted for by using a Gladstone-Dale relationship to describe the NM index of refraction. The thermodynamic states of multiply shocked NM were examined by comparing the measured wave profiles to those calculated using a published NM equation of state [Winey, et al., J. Chem. Phys. 113, 7492 (2000)]. Although the calculated and measured particle velocity states are in good overall agreement, comparison of the calculated shock wave reverberation times at the front and rear sample interfaces with the measured values suggests that the published NM equation of state can be improved. Work supported by DOE/NNSA. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, June 18, 2015 10:00AM - 10:15AM |
S5.00004: Cylinder Expansion Experiments and Measured Product Isentropes for XTX-8004 Explosive Scott Jackson We present cylinder expansion data from full-scale (25.4-mm inner diameter) and half-scale (12.7-mm inner diameter) experiments with XTX-8004 explosive, composed of 80{\%} RDX explosive and 20{\%} Sylgard 182 silicone elastomer. An analytic method [S.I. Jackson, Proc. Combust. Inst., Vol. 35, Iss. 2, 2015, pg.1997-2004] is reviewed and used to recover detonation product isentropes from the experimental data, which are presented in the standard JWL form. The cylinder expansion data was found to scale well, indicating ideal detonation behavior across the test scales. The analytically determined product JWLs were found to agree well with those produced via iterative hydrocode methods, but required significantly less computational effort. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, June 18, 2015 10:15AM - 10:30AM |
S5.00005: The EOS of NTO through high-pressure microscopy- interferometry measurements Joseph Zaug, Elissaios Stavrou, Jonathan Crowhurst, Sorin Bastea, Michael Armstrong Measuring equation of state (EOS) of solid specimens under pressure usually involves the determination of the primitive cell volume using x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. However, in the case of low symmetry (e.g. triclinic) materials with twining features and large primitive cells, this can be problematic and ambiguous. In order to address this issue we examine the possibility of a ``direct'' approach which is based on measuring the surface area and thickness with microscopy and optical interferometry respectively. To test the validity of our approach, we had first compared the results of our technique in the case of the Triamino-Trinitrobenzene (TATB, SG P-1) with the published EOS, as determined with XRD measurements, by Stevens \textit{et al.} (Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 33, 286 (2008)). A perfect match between the two sets of data has been observed. We present also the results of our study on the energetic material 5-nitro-2,4-dihydro-1,2,4,-triazol-3-one ($\alpha $-NTO) which crystallizes as a four-component twin (Bolotina \textit{et al.} ActaCryst. B61, 577 (2008)) with triclinic symmetry (SG P-1). No high pressure XRD EOS data have been published on $\alpha $-NTO, probably due to its extremely complex crystal structure; thus, this technique is a reliable alternative. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, June 18, 2015 10:30AM - 10:45AM |
S5.00006: Spectral and optical properties of a shocked gas with impurities Alexander Fedotov Gefen, Lior Perelmutter, Yakov Krasik, Victor Gurovich A study of the physical properties of gaseous materials under shock compression and the effects of impurities in the gas are presented. The shock compression was generated by a fast moving free surface of a shocked metal slab. In a previous published work, carried out in the Technion, a cylindrically converging copper capillary, filled with a He or an Ar gas, was studied. Atomic spectral lines of Cu impurities were identified in the light emitted from the gas. These atoms, mixed in the gas, probably originated from the capillary material. From the intensity ratios of the measured Cu spectral lines, we concluded that these atoms were heated up by the shocked gas to a temperature of about 1 eV. Gas temperature, gas pressure, shock velocity, etc. may be significantly affected by the presence of impurities. In the work presented here, the gas and impurity properties are farther analyzed, using the observed spectral lines of the mixed impurities. Calculations for a planar shock wave in the gas will also be presented. [Preview Abstract] |
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