Bulletin of the American Physical Society
2011 Fall Meeting of the APS Ohio-Region Section
Volume 56, Number 8
Friday–Saturday, October 14–15, 2011; Muncie, Indiana
Session CA: Poster Session (4:30-6:00PM) |
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Chair: Robert Berrington, Ball State University |
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CA.00001: A Novel Technique for Generating a Band Diagonal Matrix in Tight-Binding DNA Analysis Dale Igram, Eric Hedin, Yong Joe There exist numerous selection sequence techniques for creating a coupling integral matrix for the calculation of transmission of an electron through a DNA molecule. However, these techniques typically create a matrix which requires a significant amount of computer time and memory, especially for large DNA models. Presented here is a novel technique that generates a band diagonal coupling integral matrix which reduces the computer time and memory required for the calculations. To illustrate the benefits, Poly(G)-Poly(C) 4-channel DNA models for 3-basepairs, 5-basepairs, and 7-basepairs are used to compare the CPU calculation time of the different models. A graphical representation will reveal the benefit of using this novel technique. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00002: Fabrication of Microcantilevers on Silicon Wafers Allen Scheie, Nathaniel Rupprecht Over the past six years, the Grove City College nanotechnology group has been developing processes for the reproducible creation of micro-devices. In this report, we discuss one type of microstructure that we fabricated during the summer of 2011: the cantilever. Microcantilevers have many applications in sensory technology and fundamental physics research, and are the subject of much active inquiry. We discuss how we produced microcantilevers, the problems we encountered, the strategies used to overcome these difficulties, and where this work will take us in the future. We also discuss computer modeling of our microcantilevers and how to experimentally characterize them in the near future. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00003: Cosmological Mass-Defect: A New Effect of General Relativity Dmitri Rabounski This study targets the change of mass of a mass-bearing particle with the distance travelled in the space of the main cosmological metrics. The mass-defect is obtained due to a new method of deduction: by solving the scalar geodesic equation (equation of energy) of the particle. This equation manifests three factors affecting the particle's mass: gravitation, non-holonomity, and deformation of space. In the space of Schwarzschild's mass-point metric, the obtained solution coincides with the well-known gravitational mass-defect whose magnitude increases toward the gravitating body. No mass-defect has been found in the space of G\"{o}del's metric, and in the space of Einstein's metric. The other obtained solutions manifest a mass-defect whose magnitude increases with distance from the observer so that manifests itself at cosmologically large distances travelled by the particle. This effect has been found in the space of Schwarzschild's metric of a sphere of incompressible liquid, in the space of de Sitter's metric, and in the deforming spaces of Friedmann's metric. Herein, we refer to this effect as the cosmological mass-defect. It has never been considered prior to the present study. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00004: Color magnitude relations in radio-loud clusters of galaxies Donald Pleshinger, Jason Pinkney We present a preliminary analysis of catalogs of galaxies in 10 clusters of galaxies which were selected for their radio source content. The ultimate goal is to identify the dynamical state of the clusters (e.g., undergoing mergers) and see if it could be related to the morphology of the tailed radio galaxies. The cataloged properties are measured objectively by the ``SExtractor'' software. These include: position, total and aperture magnitudes in B, V, and R filters, color indices, ellipticity, position angle, FWHM and a ``stellarity index" to aid in separating stars from galaxies. We describe the reduction of the MOSA mosaic CCD data obtained at the Kitt Peak 0.9-m telescope. We use the USNO-B1 catalog to calibrate our magnitude zeropoints. Our plots of color vs magnitude show that the early type galaxies in our samples fall on the color magnitude relations (CMRs) as expected for clusters at redshifts of z=0.06-0.15. We present statistics on the catalogs resulting from a photometric selection of galaxies. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00005: On Shot Diagnostics at the 400 TW SCARLET Laser Facility Douglas E. Wertepny, Franki Aymond, Kevin M. George, Scott Feister, Sheng Jiang, Enam A. Chowdhury, Linn D. Van Woerkom, Richard R. Freeman As high power, ultra-short laser technology has advanced, in recent years, this has presented a unique set of challenges in precisely measuring the characteristics of femtosecond-scale laser pulses. Overcoming these complications to obtain reliable measurements of pulse duration and intensity requires an array of complementary diagnostics operating in parallel. The Ohio State University's 400 TW SCARLET Laser Facility will employ a second-order autocorrelator, third-order cross-correlator, SPIDER (Spectral Phase Interferometry for Direct Electric-field Reconstruction) and water cell to monitor temporal beam quality. Additionally, beam wavefront aberrations, which lead to focal spot distortion, will be measured by a wavefront sensor outside the target chamber and corrected with adaptive optics. These diagnostics will ensure on-target focused intensities greater than 10$^{22}$ W/cm$^{2}$, thus allowing cutting-edge, high energy density experiments to be performed at the Ohio State SCARLET Laser Facility. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00006: Petawatt-Class Ultra-High-Peak-Power Laser Design for the SCARLET Laser Facility Patrick Poole, Chris Willis, Enam Chowdhury, Rebecca Daskalova, Linn Van Woerkom, Rick Freeman The OSU High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) group focuses on high-intensity ultra-fast laser experiments, especially those pertaining to fast-ignition fusion. A petawatt-scale upgrade designed to significantly increase the intensity of OSU's SCARLET laser. The beam will have 400 TW peak power at 800 nm wavelength with a 5 $\mu m$ focal spot, delivering $10^{22}$ W/cm$^{2}$ with a $<$ 40 fs pulse at a repetition rate of once per minute. To achieve this, SCARLET uses a 3-pass amplifier (Ti:Sapphire crystal) irradiated by two 25 J, ND:glass 527 nm pump lasers as well as Dual Chirped Pulsed Amplification (DCPA) by way of a new stretcher with a compact mirror-striped grating design to stretch the initial pulse from 25 fs to 800 ps. Several air-spaced achromatic doublets were designed in-house to serve as image-relay telescopes to and from the new amplifier; these have been optimized to minimize chromatic and spherical aberration within the 100 nm bandwidth pulse. Also presented are results from gain modeling performed to predict effects like red-shift and gain narrowing in amplification. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00007: Partition function zeros and phase transitions of a polymer chain Pyie Phyo Aung, Mark Taylor The zeros of the canonical partition functions for flexible square-well polymer chains have been computed for chains up to length 256 for a range of square-well diameters. We have previously shown that such chain molecules can undergo a coil-globule and globule-crystal transition as well as a direct coil-crystal transition [1]. Here we show that each of these transitions has a well-defined signature in the complex-plane map of the partition function zeros. The freezing transitions are characterized by nearly circular rings of uniformly spaced roots, indicative of a discontinuous transition. The collapse transition is signaled by the coalescence of roots onto an elliptical horse-shoe segment pinching down towards the positive real axis. For sufficiently small square-well diameter the elliptical collapse ring merges with the circular freezing ring yielding the direct coil-crystal transition. The root density of all rings increases with increasing chain length and the leading roots move towards the positive real axis, implying a divergence of the specific heat in the thermodynamic limit (as originally proposed by Yang and Lee). \\[4pt] [1] M.P. Taylor, W. Paul, and K. Binder, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 114907 (2009). [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00008: Conformation of a Lennard-Jones polymer in explicit solvent Yuting Ye, Mark Taylor The conformation of a polymer chain is solution is coupled to the local structure of the surrounding solvent and can undergo large changes in response to variations in solvent density and temperature. The many-body effects of solvent on the structure of an n-mer chain can be formally mapped to an exact n-body solvation potential. These potentials map the chain-solvent system to a single chain, thereby dramatically reducing the computational complexity of the polymer chain-in-solvent problem. We have recently shown that a pair-decomposition of this n-body potential is valid for short Lennard-Jones (LJ) chains in explicit LJ solvent [1]. Here we use these short chain results to construct solvation potentials for long chains. We present results for the size and intramolecular structure of LJ chains up to length n=400 in LJ solvent at state points spanning the solvent phase diagram (including vapor, liquid, and super-critical regions). In comparison with simulation results for the corresponding full chain-in-solvent system, our solvation potential approach is found to be quantitatively accurate for a wide range of solvent conditions and chain lengths.\\[4pt] [1] M.P. Taylor and S.R. Adhikari, J. Chem. Phys. 135, 044903 (2011). [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00009: Local structure in hard-sphere chain-molecule fluids Sambid Wasti, Mark Taylor The conformation of a polymer chain in solvent is coupled to the local structure of the solvent environment. For hard-sphere systems, a monomeric solvent acts to compress a flexible hard-sphere-solute chain and, for a dense system, the local solvent structure is imprinted onto the chain. Here we use Monte Carlo simulation, including bond-rebridging moves, to study the size and conformation of a hard sphere chain in a hard-sphere solvent as a function of both solvent density and solvent diameter. We also study the structure of a hard-sphere-chain solute in a hard-sphere-chain solvent. In the case of a 5-mer chain in 5-mer solvent we show that the effects of solvent can be mapped to a set of two-body solvation potentials. Following our previous work on hard-sphere chains in monomeric solvent [1], we explore the application of these short chain potentials to the study of longer chain-molecule fluids. \\[4pt] [1] M.P. Taylor and S. Ichida, J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys. 45, 3319 (2007). [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00010: Elastic Wave Propagation in a Mechanical Bidomain Model of Cardiac Tissue Steffan Puwal, Bradley Roth Cardiac tissue deforms under an applied stress, permitting elastic shear waves to propagate through the heart. Traditionally, this behavior has been modeled with a monodomain approach, in which the mechanical properties of the intracellular and extracellular spaces are averaged together. We consider a mechanical bidomain model of cardiac tissue, in which the intracellular and extracellular spaces are considered individually with the two spaces coupled by a spring constant. We find two normal modes of shear wave propagation: one in which the intracellular and extracellular spaces oscillate together (the monodomain mode), and the other in which they oscillate in opposition (the bidomain mode). These two modes have very different dispersion relationships, where in the bidomain mode the frequency depends on the spring constant, whereas in the monodomain mode it does not. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00011: Visualizing Valence Electron Structure Aeryk Kuna, Antonio Cancio The purpose of this research is to effectively model and understand Density Functional Theory (DFT). DFT uses the electron density to model the ground state electronic structure of atoms, molecules, and solids. We calculate and visualize the gradient of the electron density, its Laplacian, and the kinetic energy density, also derived from the electron density, for the AE6 test set of molecules. This set of six molecules accurately represents the DFT prediction of atomization energies of a plethora of molecules. Calculations were done using the ABINIT DFT code. Pseudopotentials were used to represent the individual atom cores, keeping an accurate representation of valence interactions. By using these density- derived functions we can better visualize and interpret intermolecular phenomenon caused by electron interactions, like the effects of a triple bond on the entire structure of the molecule, or the effect of electron affinity of an individual atom within a molecule. These physical variables are used in DFT to help predict the electron-electron interaction energy of a molecule, and knowing how they relate to each other may help better model this. Ultimately, we hope to effectively use our results to understand and improve the Density Functional method for modeling electronic structure. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00012: Electronic and Thermal Properties of Graphene and Carbon Structures Gilmore Anthony, Mahfuza Khatun We will present the general properties of carbon structures. The research involves the study of carbon structures: Graphene, Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), and Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs). A review of electrical and thermal conduction phenomena of the structures will be discussed. Particularly carbon nanoribbons and CNTs have many interesting physical properties, and have the potential for device applications. Our research interests include the study of electronic structures, electrical and thermal transport properties of the carbon structures. Results are produced analytically as well as by simulation. The numerical simulations are conducted using various tools such as Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD), Large Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS), NanoHub at Purdue University and the Beowulf Cluster at Ball State University. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00013: Thermal Transport in Carbon Nanotubes Jeremy Christman, Andrew Moore, Mahfuza Khatun Recent advances in nanostructure technology have made it possible to create small devices at the nanoscale. Carbon nanotubes (CNT's) are among the most exciting building blocks of nanotechnology. Their versatility and extremely desirable properties for electronic and other devices have driven intense research and development efforts in recent years. A review of electrical and thermal conduction of the structures will be presented. The theoretical investigation is mainly based on molecular dynamics. Green Kubo relation is used for the study of thermal conductivity. Results include kinetic energy, potential energy, heat flux autocorrelation function, and heat conduction of various CNT structures. Most of the computation and simulation has been conducted on the Beowulf cluster at Ball State University. Various software packages and tools such as Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD), Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS), and NanoHUB, the open online resource at Purdue University have been used for the research. The work has been supported by the Indiana Academy of Science Research Fund, 2010-2011. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00014: Low Energy Electron Diffraction Structural Analysis of Au(111)-(5x5)-7S Stephanie Ash, Mellita Caragiu, Garry McGuirk, Heekeun Shin, Renee Diehl The clean Au(111) surface is known to undergo several structural changes when exposed to adsorbates, in particular sulfur. As the sulfur coverage increases towards 1ML, the structure of the gold (111) surface has been observed to go through a range of changes as follows: unreconstructed (1x1), followed by a (5x5)-7S structure, then a ($\surd $3x$\surd $3)R30$^{\circ}$-S phase, and eventually an incommensurate ``complex'' phase. The current LEED study focuses on the intermediate Au(111)-(5x5)-7S phase. The 7 sulfur atoms in each unit cell are found to occupy fcc hollow sites. There is considerable rumpling of the sulfur adsorbed layer, as well as the top gold layers in the surface, which results in an average S-Au distance of 1.54$\pm $0.06{\AA}, followed by the next Au-Au average interlayer spacing of 2.37$\pm $0.01{\AA}. When comparing the latter value to the bulk interlayer spacing of clean gold, of 2.35{\AA}, a slight expansion is noticed. The results are compared to the structural information obtained by other studies of the same Au(111)-(5x5) phase. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00015: Light emission and luminescence enhancement in Erbium Oxide nanoparticles Lynda Wilkinson, Muhammad Maqbool, Iftikhar Ahmad We reports light emission from Erbium Oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles, with 45 nm diameter, were obtained in the form of nanopowder. These nanoparticles were characterized for light emission under a 30 mW, 532 nm Nd:YAG laser excitation and a Photoluminescence (PL) system, made by Princeton Instrumentation, with a Pixis brand CCD camera. The nanoparticles were stick on a scotch tape and placed in the PL system. Spectrum of the light emitted from the nanoparticles was obtained and analyzed after subtracting the background spectrum. Two emission peaks were observed around 554 nm and 820 nm. The green emission at 554 nm was obtained as a result of $^{2}$H$_{11/2 }\to ^{4}$I$_{15/2}$ transition, and the near infrared emission from $^{4}$I$_{9/2} \to ^{4}$I$_{15/2}$ transition. The process was also repeated in vacuum and it was found that the green emission enhances tremendously, showing the importance of Erbium Oxide nanoparticles optical and biophotonics applications. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00016: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Dendrite Currents William Jay, Brian Dolasinski, Ranjith Wijesinghe, Bradley Roth The action currents of active dendrites generate their own magnetic field, which can cause the phase of the spins to change. Many investigators have attempted to detect neural and dendritic currents directly using magnetic resonance imaging. Such a measurement of action currents would be remarkable, since it would allow functional imaging of neural activity using the high spatial resolution of MRI and avoid an ill-posed inverse problem to determine the current sources. Measurement of the magnetic field of neural currents would better follow the distribution of neural activity in time and space. Our goal in this presentation is to use the calculated magnetic field of a dendrite to estimate the resulting phase shift in the magnetic resonance signal. We find the phase shift produced by a collection of simultaneously active dendrites is below the threshold for detection using current MRI technology. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00017: Attenuation Measurements of Cell Pellets Using Through Transmission Justin Vadas, Claudia Greene, Emma Grygotis, Stephen Kuhn, Sanele Mahlalela, Tinisha Newland, Idil Ovutmen, Maria-Teresa Herd A better understanding of differences in ultrasound tissue characteristics (such as speed of sound, attenuation, and backscatter coefficients) of benign compared to malignant cells could lead to improved cancer detection and diagnosis. A narrow band technique for measuring ultrasonic speed of sound and attenuation of small biological materials was developed and tested. Several mechanical improvements were made to the system to drastically improve alignment, allowing for accurate measurements of small cell pellets. Narrow band attenuation measurements were made first with tissue-mimicking phantoms and then with three different types of cell pellets: Chinese hamster ovary cells, healthy human prostate cells, and cancerous human prostate cells. Attenuation and speed of sound results for all three cell types, as well as the culture medium and tissue mimicking phantoms, are presented for a frequency range of 5 to 25 MHz. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00018: Technique to Measure Action Potential Wave Front Speed, Direction, and Curvature in Cardiac Tissue Nachaat Mazeh, Bradley Roth The velocity and curvature of a wave front are important factors in the propagation of electrical activity through cardiac tissue, particularly during heart arrhythmias such as fibrillation. A method is presented that uses the arrival times at a square array of four electrodes to determine the speed, direction, and curvature of the wave front. To test this method, computer simulations are performed using the bidomain representation of the cardiac tissue and the Beeler-Reuter model for the active membrane dynamics. The method is verified for simple fiber geometries, and is then applied to reentry through complicated fiber geometry. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00019: Synchronization of Coupled Josephson Junctions Zijie Poh, Ma'ayan Dagan, Brad Trees We study numerically the phase dynamics of coupled Josephson junctions in one and two plaquettes. The governing coupled, nonlinear equations are solved via the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. We look for evidence of both frequency and phase synchronization in the dynamic (oscillating) junctions of the plaquette(s). Frequency synchronization is attained when the phase difference of the dynamic junctions is independent of time. Phase synchronization is attained when the phase difference of the dynamic junctions is zero. We found that, for a single plaquette, frequency synchronization can be attained rather easily with even weak coupling of the horizontal junctions, while phase synchronization is attained asymptotically as the coupling is increased. For two plaquettes, frequency synchronization between horizontal junctions in neighboring plaquettes can be attained when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plane of the plaquettes. The frequency synchronization is weak in that it is lost as the bias current driving the plaquettes is increased. Analysis of the phase synchronization of the dynamic junctions in a two-plaquettes array is in progress. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00020: Analytic Inspection of the Synchronization of a Single-Plaquette Josephson Junction Array Ma'ayan Dagan, Zijie Poh, Brad Trees We report on a study of the synchronization behavior of a single-plaquette array of Josephson Junctions (JJs). An analysis of this synchronization is motivated by the fact that the power output of synchronized JJs has been harnessed, with great potential for powering small (chip-scale) devices. The RCSJ model was used in concert with a perturbation method to produce simplified differential equations for the dynamics of the Josephson phases. Several features of the system which are not fully explicable by numerical methods are well illuminated by the analytic treatment described. For instance, synchronization of JJs in the array was shown to be linearly stable. Furthermore, a closed-form function was derived to describe the behavior of that decay in the limit of large coupling between the current-biased junctions in the plaquette. Large-coupling approximations also accurately predict the time-dependent synchronization of a JJ pair. Of particular interest is the effect of the introduction of a magnetic field perpendicular to the array. Preliminary results show the field affects both the long-time behavior and stability of JJ phase differences. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00021: Heavy nuclei as rotors Steven Krall, Robert Mokry, Gabriela Popa We have calculated the moments of inertia for a series of heavy deformed nuclei using the rotor model. We also extracted the moments of inertia, for these nuclei, from experimental data, and compare them with the calculated ones. Then we extracted nuclear deformation from experimental data, and compare it with ones calculated using a collective model such as the rotor model, and an algebraic model using symmetries. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00022: On the Relation between Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Scientific Inquiry Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache In this article, we will shortly review a few old thoughts and recent thoughts on the relation between Mathematics and the Natural Sciences. Of course, the classic references to this open problem will include Wigner's paper (1964); a more recent review article is Darvas (2008). But it appears that this issue is partly on the domain of natural philosophy and also philosophy of inquiry. Therefore we will begin with a review on some known thoughts of Kant, Bacon, Popper, etc. Our hope here is to find out clues to reveal the hidden structure of Nature, just as what Planck did a century ago. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00023: Kinematics from a 163 Million-Year-Old Dinosaur Trackway Scott Lee Dinosaurs always grab the interest of students. Information about dinosaur locomotion is accessible from the trackways they left. In a unique connection to kinematics, evidence of the acceleration of a meat-eating dinosaur (theropod) is evident in Trackway 13 in Ardley Quarry in Oxfordshire, UK. This particular trackway is described by J.J. Day, D.B. Norman, P. Upchuch and H.P. Powell in Vol. 415 of Nature on pages 494 and 495, published in 2002. This particular theropod underwent an acceleration of about g/3. This example provides a fun and engaging exercise for students studying kinematics. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00024: Measuring Conceptual Gains and Benefits of Student Problem Designs Eric Mandell, Rachel Snyder, Wayne Oswald Writing assignments can be an effective way of getting students to practice higher-order learning skills in physics. One example of such an assignment is that of \textit{problem design}. One version of the problem design assignment asks the student to evaluate the material from a chapter, after all instruction and other activities are complete. The student is to decide what concepts and ideas are most central, or critical in the chapter, and construct a problem that he or she feels best encompasses the major themes. Here, we use two concept surveys (FCI and EMCS) to measure conceptual gains for students completing the problem design assignment and present the preliminary results, comparing across several categories including gender, age, degree program, and class standing. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00025: Particle-in-Cell Codes and the Hydrodynamic Limit: Testing the LSP Scattering Model with Shock Tube Problems Bishara Korkor, Chris Orban, Douglass Schumacher, Richard Freeman Shock waves and shock physics are important in a variety of experiments and applications such as inertial confinement fusion and ion acceleration. In an effort to benchmark the particle-in-cell code LSP in these situations where ion motion is significant, we studied shock tube problems which have exact analytic solutions. We studied both the traditional non-relativistic shock tube (Sod 1978) as well as a relativistic case (Marti and Mueller 2003). These problems begin from a discontinuous density and pressure profile resulting in a shock waves, rarefactions, and a contact discontinuity. The results were useful in determining which algorithms, resolutions, and simulation techniques successfully enable the code to accurately match the hydrodynamic limit. The insight gained from these comparisons have informed how the code should be run in simulations in which an exact solution does not exist and bolstered confidence that the shock physics is being adequately resolved. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00026: A New Technique for Fast Characterization of Intense Laser-Plasma Simulations Robert Mitchell, Chris Orban, Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Douglass Schumacher, Richard Freeman Many experiments in high energy density physics require modeling with high-resolution, long time scale Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations, such as the interaction of ultra-intense laser pulses with mm sized targets currently studied for their relevance to fast ignition fusion. These PIC simulations can take weeks to run on modern-day supercomputers. Using the PIC code LSP we have found that simply by doubling the wavelength and adjusting the intensity of the laser we can produce physically meaningful results while reducing the run time by a factor of eight. We find the basic phenomena preserved and consistent numerical instabilities, allowing inexpensive and fast development at low resolution before performing high-resolution simulations at the correct wavelength and intensity. We treat two examples using a laser incident on mm-scale targets: a slab with pre-plasma and a cone-wire target. [Preview Abstract] |
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CA.00027: Structure of Debye clusters in a biharmonic potential well T.E. Sheridan, D.J. Pleshinger We experimentally investigate the arrangement of nearly identical charged dust particles confined in a two-dimensional biharmonic potential well. As the well shape changes from elliptical (anisotropic) to circular (isotropic), we find that clusters with $n=6$ and 8 particles change from an elliptical configuration where all particles lie on the edge to a configuration with one central particle surrounded by the remaining $n-1$ particles. The mechanism for this transition is identified as a transverse instability in the finite two-chain configuration. [Preview Abstract] |
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