Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2021
Volume 66, Number 1
Monday–Friday, March 15–19, 2021; Virtual; Time Zone: Central Daylight Time, USA
Session J60: Detectors, Sensors, and TransducersFocus Live
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Sponsoring Units: GIMS Chair: Angela Di Fulvio, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 3:00PM - 3:12PM Live |
J60.00001: Towards a Microwave Single Photon Detector Using Inelastic Cooper Pair Tunneling Joel Griesmar, Romain Albert, Juha Leppäkangas, Max Hofheinz The detection of single photons is a fundamental quantum measurement, complementary to linear amplification. However, in the microwave domain this is a difficult task due to the low energy of the photons. We present here a photo-multiplier using the energy of a Cooper pair tunneling across a voltage-biased Josephson junction to convert one microwave photon into several photons at a different frequency. This process relies on the strong non-linearity provided by the interaction between a Josephson junction and its high-impedance electromagnetic environment. We have fabricated and measured a device composed of a low critical current SQUID galvanically coupled to two high-impedance resonators. It showed almost perfect conversion from one to one and two photons and also exhibited slightly lower conversion efficiency from one to three photons. By cascading two of these multiplication stages and adding a quantum limited amplifier, it should be possible to discriminate itinerant single photon states from vacuum without dead time. |
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 3:12PM - 3:24PM Live |
J60.00002: Novel system for measuring magnetic susceptibilities over a wide temperature range Ali Sirusi, Marc Lewkowitz, Johnny Adams, Ruyang Sun, Neil Samuel Sullivan We discuss the design and operation of a new type of tunnel diode oscillator for measuring magnetic susceptibilities with high sensitivity over a wide temperature range. The tunnel diode is maintained at a fixed low temperature for maximum sensitivity while the sample can be varied from 1.7 K to 100 K. This design provides an optimized system for searching for unknown magnetoelectric couplings in molecular magnets and spin crossover systems. |
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 3:24PM - 3:36PM Live |
J60.00003: Electromagnetic sensing below the Standard Quantum Limit: 3 kHz to 300 MHz Nicholas M. Rapidis, Saptarshi Chaudhuri, Hsiao-Mei Cho, Carl S. Dawson, Peter W. Graham, Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho, Fedja Kadribasic, Stephen E. Kuenstner, Dale Li, Arran Phipps, Maria Simanovskaia, Jyotirmai Singh, Elizabeth van Assendelft, Cyndia Yu, Kent David Irwin We present the use of Radio-frequency Quantum Upconverters (RQUs) for quantum metrology. RQUs utilize Josephson-junction interferometers to couple a low-frequency resonator to a microwave frequency resonator, upconverting radio-frequency signals into the microwave band. Thus, they are useful for applications in precision sensing of electromagnetic modes in LC resonators in the radio-frequency band (3kHz-300MHz), such as axion dark matter searches. The coupling between the low and high frequency resonators is described by the optomechanical Hamiltonian, and quantum techniques including backaction evasion can be applied to achieve noise levels below the standard quantum limit (SQL). Here, we describe the design of RQUs based on 1-, 3-, and 9 Josephson-junctions. The designs with 3 and 9 junctions allow for improved isolation, wider tunability, and improved noise performance compared to current single junction devices. We present a scheme for backaction evasion that will enable sub-SQL amplification in these next generation RQUs. |
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 3:36PM - 3:48PM Live |
J60.00004: Precision Metrology with Radiofrequency Quantum Upconverters Jyotirmai Singh, Saptarshi Chaudhuri, Hsiao-Mei Cho, Carl S. Dawson, Peter W. Graham, Shawn Wesley Henderson, Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho, Fedja Kadribasic, Stephen E Kuenstner, Dale Li, Arran Phipps, Nicholas M. Rapidis, Maria Simanovskaia, Elizabeth van Assendelft, Cyndia Yu, Kent David Irwin While much effort has gone into developing quantum metrology techniques for precision measurement of microwave signals, comparatively little work has focused on signals in the very high frequency (VHF) band between 30-300 MHz and below. This is primarily due to the fact that even at dilution refrigerator temperatures of ~ 10mK, a VHF mode is subject to high thermal excitations (kT >> hf). However, in resonator-based QCD axion searches, thermal noise is suppressed outside of the response bandwidth, so that quantum acceleration increases the search bandwidth. In this talk, we present the Radio-frequency Quantum Upconverter (RQU). The RQU is a quantum sensor capable of phase-sensitive gain, allowing the implementation of quantum metrology techniques in the electromagnetic VHF band. We will discuss the physics principles behind the RQU, i.e. photon upconversion, and describe implementations using Josephson junctions and superconducting circuit elements. We will present initial experimental results of RQU performance, including the demonstration of 30dB of gain contrast in phase sensitive mode. |
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 3:48PM - 4:00PM Live |
J60.00005: Study of non-diffusive electron transport in thin-base cryogenic SiGe HBTs using the Boltzmann equation and lower limits on noise figure Nachiket Naik, Austin Minnich Silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) are attractive as low-noise microwave amplifiers due to their low cost and availability as a BiCMOS technology. Their fundamental noise performance limits are thus of interest, and recent studies report that tunneling and non-equilibrium transport phenomena in the base play a role in setting these limits at cryogenic temperatures. Here, we use a semi-analytic solution of the BTE with ab-initio scattering inputs to study non-diffusive base transport at cryogenic temperatures. We examine the impact of non-diffusive transport on transconductance and transit time. Our work helps to identify the lower limits for the noise figure of cryogenic low-noise HBT amplifiers. |
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 4:00PM - 4:12PM Live |
J60.00006: Radio-frequency quantum upconverters for spin metrology Elizabeth van Assendelft, Saptarshi Chaudhuri, Hsiao-Mei Cho, Carl S. Dawson, Peter W. Graham, Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho, Fedja Kadribasic, Stephen E. Kuenstner, Dale Li, Nicholas M. Rapidis, Maria Simanovskaia, Jyotirmai Singh, Alexander Sushkov, Kent David Irwin Polarized nuclear spin ensembles are a robust and broadly applicable experimental tool. In spin ensembles in weak magnetic fields where Larmor precession frequencies are below 100 MHz, added noise contributions from the amplifier can limit experimental sensitivity. While dc SQUIDs have historically been used in spin-sensing experiments that require sensitive readout in this low frequency range, even the best available dc SQUIDs operate with noise several times above the Standard Quantum Limit. This work describes the Radio frequency Quantum Upconverter (RQU), a flux amplifier where the low frequency spin magnetization signal modulates the phase of a microwave readout tone. The imprecision noise of the RQU can be reduced by increasing the strength of the microwave tone, while the input inductance remains unchanged. This in-situ noise impedance tunability of an RQU will allow it to reach sensitivities unachievable with dc SQUIDs, enabling unprecedented sensitivity in experiments including spin-coupled dark matter detectors. |
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 4:12PM - 4:48PM Live |
J60.00007: CsPbBr3 perovskite: A room temperature hard radiation detector Invited Speaker: Mercouri Kanatzidis Highly sensitive hard radiation detectors operating at room temperature are greatly desired for national security, non-proliferation, and medical applications. The semiconductor CsPbBr3 with wide band gap (2.25 eV) and high density (4.85 g/cm3) has shown high spectral resolution of γ-rays at room temperature. In this talk, we will overview the research progress on the bulk CsPbBr3 crystals studied so far and our recent accomplishments achieved by a modified device design and a substantially improved quality of single crystals, which identified CsPbBr3 as an outstanding candidate for γ-ray detector applications. The hole lifetime in CsPbBr3 single crystals exceeds 25 μs. We will present effective procedures to produce CsPbBr3 and the growth of single crystals with enhanced quality and larger size using the Bridgman method. These crystals show significantly reduced levels of twinning but can present remarkable energy resolving capability under both X and γ rays, particularly in achieving 3.9% (4.8 keV, FWHM) energy resolution for 122 keV 57Co γ-ray and <2% for 662 keV 137Cs γ-ray. |
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 4:48PM - 5:00PM Live |
J60.00008: Characterization of Micro-Magnets on Oscillators and Effects of Small Offsets From Ideal Alignment Peter Kampschroeder, Yawer B Sagar, Justin Skweres, Matthew Dwyer, John Houghteling, Jonathan Geymer, Rabia Husain, John T. Markert We report the use and theoretical analysis of a fiber-optic interferometer system with variable applied DC and AC magnetic fields and magnetic field gradients for the characterization of micro-magnets on oscillators. The system has measured and calibrated displacements to determine the resonant frequencies(~0.8-800kHz), quality factors(~30-1000), amplitudes (0.001-10 nm) and spring constants (~0.1 N/m) of resonances. The driven response to AC magnetic field gradients (~1x10-4 - 1x10-3 T/m) has provided direct measurement of how changing alignment of the magnetic moment alters the forces on the oscillator. We find the torque and force contributions to the motion of the magnet are of similar magnitude, and misalignments of the magnetic moment on the order of micrometers make it difficult to extract the magnitude of the magnetic moment. Conversely, intentional introduction of small angular offsets (~10 degrees) causes a 3-fold increase in the force measured due to the strength of the torque term. We are also exploiting direct ac torque excitation to measure the much smaller magnetic moments of thin-film ferromagnets on cantilevers. Study of these micro-magnets supports our nuclear magnetic resonance force microscopy (NMRFM) studies. |
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 5:00PM - 5:12PM Live |
J60.00009: Fiber-Optic Interferometry for Rapid Pressure or Magnetic Sensing Matthew Dwyer, Nimisha Ramprasad, Rabia Husain, Allen C. Wen, Matthew Allen, Khusbu Rakesh Dalal, Scott Williams, John T. Markert We report the design, construction, and use of several fiber-optic-based sensors: 1) a fast pressure sensor, measuring the deflection of a metallic membrane; 2) a compact, rapid magnetic sensor; and 3) a compact piezo-driven micro-oscillator. For 1), we apply the linear plate bending equation to determine the effective spring constant of a membrane; for a 150 µm stainless steel membrane, k = 4.5 * 106 N/m (and its resonance frequency f0 = 109 kHz), ensuring a fast time resolution (~10 µs) for rapid pressure measurement. Initial measurements agree with the predicted displacement sensitivity of ~0.18 µm/atm. Similiarly, for a 100 μm platinum membrane, k = 1.2 * 106 N/m with a resonance frequency f0 = 42 kHz and time resolution of ~24 μs. The predicted displacement sensitivity of ~0.68 μm/atm has been confirmed by initial measurements. For 2) and 3), we are integrating micro-oscillators directly onto optical fibers, for magnetic and piezo-driven sensing, respectively. Future work for 1) will involve dual interferometers to determine pressure and temperature simultaneously. For 2) and 3), encapsulation will be explored to utilize the sensors in application. |
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 5:12PM - 5:24PM Live |
J60.00010: The Nonlocal Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Andrew Kindseth, Taewan Noh, Venkat Chandrasekhar Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) are the basis for some of the most sensitive detectors of magnetic fields. SQUIDs are typically made with 2 parallel superconductor/insulator/superconductor (SIS) Josephson junctions and operated with voltage bias. The voltage bias causes the SQUID to emit microwave radiation, which can affect the sample being measured, due to the ac Josephson effect. Here we describe a SQUID with superconductor/normal-metal/superconductor (SNS) Josephson junctions. SNS SQUIDs can be operated with a voltage bias with expected performance comparable to conventional SIS SQUIDs. However, SNS SQUIDS can be operated in a novel mode due to the unusual interplay between quasiparticle currents and supercurrents in the junction. This new method allows measurement of the flux dependent critical current without a voltage bias. Simulations based on the quasi-classical theory of superconductivity elucidate the operation of this device. Estimates of the flux sensitivity in this mode show that it should be comparable to conventional SIS SQUIDS. |
Tuesday, March 16, 2021 5:24PM - 6:00PM Live |
J60.00011: Advances in organic scintillators for fast and thermal neutron detection Invited Speaker: Natalia Zaitseva Detection of special nuclear materials requires instruments which can detect uranium and plutonium isotopes, having at the same time the ability to discriminate among different types of radiation. For many decades, neutron detection has been based on 3He proportional counters sensitive primarily to thermal neutrons. The most common methods for detection of fast neutrons have been based on liquid scintillators with pulse shape discrimination (PSD). The shortage of 3He and handling issues with liquid scintillators stimulated a search for efficient solid-state PSD materials. |
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