Accelerating the characterization of energy landscapes with swarm intelligence and machine learning*

The prediction of reaction pathways for solid-solid transformations remains a key challenge. Here, we develop a pathway sampling method via swarm intelligence and graph theory and demonstrate that our PALLAS method is an effective tool to help understand phase transformations in solid-state systems. The method is capable of finding low-energy transition pathways between two minima without having to specify any details of the transition mechanism a priori. We benchmarked our PALLAS method against known phase transitions in cadmium selenide (CdSe) and silicon (Si). PALLAS readily identifies previously-reported, low-energy phase transition pathways for the wurtzite to rock-salt transition in CdSe and reveals a novel lower-energy pathway that has not yet been observed. In addition, PALLAS provides detailed information that explains the complex phase transition sequence observed during the decompression of Si from high pressure. We also introduce a computationally efficient approach based on machine learning techniques, allowing us to map the energy landscapes efficiently. The PALLAS methodology represents a promising tool for materials by design with valuable insights for novel synthesis.