Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2019
Volume 64, Number 2
Monday–Friday, March 4–8, 2019; Boston, Massachusetts
Session E12: Devices from 2D Materials -- SensorsFocus
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Sponsoring Units: DMP Chair: Jing Li, Pennsylvania State University Room: BCEC 153A |
Tuesday, March 5, 2019 8:00AM - 8:36AM |
E12.00001: Graphene and Black Phosphorus Infrared Photodetectors Invited Speaker: Fengnian Xia In this talk, we will discuss latest development on infrared photodetectors based on graphene and black phosphorus. We will first cover graphene plasmon-enhanced mid-infrared photodetectors in which the detection leverages the bolometric effect in graphene nanoribbons. Then we will review the infrared detection properties of black phosphorus. Gated tunable black phosphorus photodetectors will also be presented, in which the bandgap of black phosphorus is tuned for the light detection up to the wavelength of around 8 μm. Finally we will compare the performance of infrared photodetectors based on graphene and black phosphorus and discuss their possible applications. |
Tuesday, March 5, 2019 8:36AM - 8:48AM |
E12.00002: A fast, sensitive, room-temperature graphene nanomechanical bolometer Andrew Blaikie, David Miller, Benjamin J Aleman Bolometers are a powerful and vital means of detecting light in the IR to THz frequencies, and have been adopted for applications ranging from astronomy to thermal imaging. As uses diversify there is an increasing demand for faster, more sensitive room-temperature bolometers. To this end, graphene has generated interest because of its vanishingly small heat capacity and its intrinsic ultra-broadband absorption, properties that would allow it quickly detect low levels of light of nearly any color. Yet, it is challenging to operate a traditional electrical graphene bolometer at room temperature due to its weakly temperature-dependent resistivity and high thermal conductivity. Our method overcomes these challenges with a simple approach that employs suspended graphene as a nanomechanical bolometer, where absorbed light is detected as shift in its mechanical resonance frequency. We report on the measured sensitivity and response bandwidth of these graphene nanomechanical bolometers, which compare favorably to the state-of-the-art. Furthermore, we model the response of these devices and discuss a path to reach femtowatt sensitivity at room temperature. |
Tuesday, March 5, 2019 8:48AM - 9:00AM |
E12.00003: Transient and Flexible Photodetectors Shih-Yao Lin, Golam Haider, Yu-Ming Liao, Chen-You Su, Yang-Fang Chen With the rapid development of technology, electronic devices have become omnipresent in our daily life as they have brought much convenience in human activity. Side-by-side, electronic waste has become a global environmental burden creating an ever-growing ecological problem. The transient device technology in which the devices can physically disappear completely in different environmental conditions has attracted widespread attention in recent years owing to its emerging application potential spanning from biomedical to military use. In this work, we demonstrated the first attempt for a dissolvable ecofriendly flexible photodetector using a hybrid of graphene and chlorophyll on a PVA substrate. The whole device can physically disappear in aqueous solutions in a time span of ∼30 min, while it shows a photoresponsivity of ∼200 A W–1 under ambient conditions. The high carrier mobility of graphene and strong absorption strength of a green photon harvesting layer, chlorophyll, result in the photocurrent gain of the device as high as 103 with subsecond response time under the illumination of red light. The newly designed photodetector shown here yields zero waste with a minimum impact on the environment, which is very useful for the development of the sustainability of our planet. |
Tuesday, March 5, 2019 9:00AM - 9:12AM |
E12.00004: Electromechanical resonators based on h-BN graphene heterostructures Rohit Kumar, Deric W Session, Harrison Paas, Ryuichi Tsuchikawa, Vikram Deshpande The exceptional robustness, stability, ultra-low weight, and high tunability are some of the most intriguing attributes of 2D atomically thin crystals like graphene, MoS2 to name a few. These remarkable properties make them promising candidates for a new generation of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Many microelectromechanical (MEMS) sensors used today employ two or more layers of different materials; however, the area of 2D heterostructure based NEMS has not been explored much. In this study, we discuss the fabrication and characterization of circular heterostructure resonators based on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and graphene stacks. The stacks are electrically actuated and measured using the vector network analyzer (VNA) from room temperature down to cryogenic temperatures. h-BN graphene provides a flat and clean interface and resonators are tunable with gate voltage. The temperature dependence of strain induced in resonators of different thicknesses will be discussed. |
Tuesday, March 5, 2019 9:12AM - 9:24AM |
E12.00005: Graphene-enabled and directed nanomaterial placement from solution for large-scale device integration Michael Engel, Damon Farmer, Jaione Tirapu Azpiroz, Jung-Woo T. Seo, Joohoon Kang, Phaedon Avouris, Mark Hersam, Ralph Krupke, Mathias B Steiner In this presentation we report on a process for electric-field assisted placement of nanomaterials from solution using large-scale graphene layers having patterned nanoscale deposition sites. The patterned graphene layers are prepared via either transfer or synthesis on standard substrates, then are removed once nanomaterial deposition is completed, resulting in material assemblies with nanoscale resolution that cover surface areas larger than 1mm2. In order to demonstrate the universality of this approach, we have assembled representative zero-, one-, and two-dimensional semiconductors at predefined substrate locations and integrated them into nanoelectronic devices. Finally, we explore the scaling behavior of this approach for integration of high performance nanoelectronic devices. |
Tuesday, March 5, 2019 9:24AM - 9:36AM |
E12.00006: Chemical Vapor Sensing with Transition Metal Dichalcogenides via Photoluminescence Modulation Aubrey Hanbicki, Paul Michael Campbell, Saujan Sivaram, andrew Kusterbeck, Viet Nguyen, R. Andrew McGill, Kathleen McCreary, Berend Jonker, Enrique Cobas, F. Keith Perkins, Adam Friedman Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as MoS2 and MoSe2 are promising materials for chemical vapor sensing applications. Their potential includes straightforward fabrication, readily available materials, and good selectivity, sensitivity, and speed of response. Another attractive aspect is that they have been shown to detect chemical vapors and gases in several ways. More commonly, sensors have been fabricated based on the chemiresistive device properties. Here, however we will discuss our recent studies implementing TMD sensors using the optical properties, in particular the photoluminescence (PL) as the core element of the sensor. We examine the PL of MoSe2 while it is exposed to strong electron donor gases such as triethylamine. There is a fast and significant decrease in the PL upon exposure with PL reduction by as much as 75% during exposure. When the vapor is turned off, the PL quickly recovers indicating fast adsorption/desorption of the analyte. We compare the temporal response and sensitivity of the PL with that of the electrical change in conductivity and analyze the data in terms of possible applications to chemical vapor sensing of chemicals relevant to nerve gas and explosive sensing. This work was supported by core programs at NRL. |
Tuesday, March 5, 2019 9:36AM - 9:48AM |
E12.00007: Raman enhancement of blood constituent proteins using graphene Shengxi Huang, Rishikesh Pandey, Ishan Barman, Jing Kong, Mildred Dresselhaus Raman spectroscopy has drawn considerable attention in biomedical sensing due to the promise of label-free, multiplexed and objective analysis along with the ability to gain molecular insights into complex biological samples. However, its true potential is yet to be realized due to the intrinsically weak Raman signal. Here, we report a simple, inexpensive and reproducible signal enhancement strategy featuring graphene as a substrate. Taking key blood constituent proteins as representative examples, we show that Raman spectra acquired from biomacromolecules can be reproducibly enhanced when these molecules are placed in contact with graphene. In particular, we demonstrate that hemoglobin and albumin display significant, but different, enhancement with the enhancement factor depending on the Raman modes, excitation wavelengths and analyte concentrations. This technique offers a new strategy for label-free biosensing owing to the molecular fingerprinting capability, signal reliability, and simplicity of the enhancement method. |
Tuesday, March 5, 2019 9:48AM - 10:00AM |
E12.00008: Effect of oxygen adsorption on electron transport in few-layer InSe FETs Arvind Shankar Kumar, Rajesh Kumar, Raman Sankar, Fangcheng Chou, Xuan Gao The oxidation effect in 2D chalcogenides is a well-known problem in 2D materials. We investigate the adsorption of oxygen molecules on the surface of few layer InSe FETs through trans-conductance and time dependent conductance measurements. We observe a positive shift of threshold voltage when few-layer InSe FET devices are exposed to oxygen (corresponding to a reduction in electron density in the order of 1012 /cm2 for an oxygen pressure of 60 Torr) which is partially reversible through applying gate stress. Time dependent measurements show a drop in conductivity up to a factor of 5 when exposed to 5 Torr of oxygen gas, over the time scale of the order of 1000 seconds. From these results, we characterize the oxygen sensing response of few-layer InSe devices, and discuss the implications on the underlying binding interaction between oxygen molecules and InSe. Nitrogen exposure, on the other hand, did not yield appreciable change in InSe FET's characteristics. |
Tuesday, March 5, 2019 10:00AM - 10:12AM |
E12.00009: Broadband and high responsivity graphene-based photodetectors by engineering atomic-layer-deposition dielectric films Ho Vinh, Yizhou Wang, Michael P. Cooney, Vinh Q Nguyen Ability to covert light of graphene occurs in an ultra-broadband spectral range from violet to mid-infrared region, making graphene as desirable photodetectors for various technology applications in imaging, sensing, spectroscopy and telecommunication. However, the low responsivity of graphene photodetectors about 10 mA/W, due to the ultra-fast recombination of photocarriers, limits their potential applications. Here, we have engineered the interface between graphene and atomic-layer-deposited dielectric films to introduce trapping centrals supporting the highly light reactive of photodetectors. Our graphene-based photodetectors have showed a high sensitivity up to 2 x 10^5 A/W together with a fast response time in a broadband spectral at room temperature. |
Tuesday, March 5, 2019 10:12AM - 10:24AM |
E12.00010: Electronic Detection of Oxygen Adsorption and Size-Specific Doping of Few-Atom Gold Clusters on Graphene Shuanglong Liu, Jeroen Scheerder, Vyacheslav Zharinov, Nicolas Reckinger, Jean-François Colomer, Joris Van de Vondel, Ewald Janssens, Hai-Ping Cheng Graphene has potential application as sensor due to its sensitivity to adsorbed particles. Few-atom clusters are promising candidates as adparticles on graphene. In this joint experimental and computational work, we investigate size-selected gold clusters with 3 and 6 atoms adsorbed on graphene field-effect transistors and their interaction with molecular oxygen. We find that the doping level of graphene significantly depends on the cluster size, in the absence or presence of oxygen molecules. Furthermore, the doping of 3-atom gold cluster decorated graphene changes sign from n- to p-doping upon oxygen adsorption, directly evidencing electron transfer to the oxygen molecules and hence their activation. As such, graphene promises to be a valuable platform to investigate and exploit size-dependent cluster properties. The presentation covers mainly the theoretical aspects of the work, namely density functional theory (DFT) based simulations of adsorption site, adsorption energy, atomic configuration, and electronic structure. |
Tuesday, March 5, 2019 10:24AM - 10:36AM |
E12.00011: Adsorption and Diffusion of O2 on a Single Layer Graphene: Diffusion Monte Carlo Study Hyeondeok Shin, Ye Luo, Anouar Benali, Yongkyung Kwon Diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) calculations were performed for an accurate description of the nature of the O2 adsorption on a single layer graphene. We investigated the stable orientation of O2 as well as its equilibrium adsorption distance and energy for a specific adsorption site. At equilibrium adsorption distances, an O2 was found to prefer a horizontal orientation, where the O-O bond is parallel to the graphene surface, to the vertical orientation. However, the vertical orientation is favored at the O2-graphene distance shorter than the equilibrium distance, which could be understood by their steric repulsion. Contrary to previous DFT calculations, our DMC calculations show that the most energetically-stable adsorption site for O2 is not the center of a hexagonal ring but the midpoint of a C-C bond. The O2 adsorption energy at a bridge site was estimated to be 0.135(4) eV, which is in good agreement with the recently-reported experimental value [1]. Finally, we have found that O2 is very diffusive on the surface of graphene with the diffusion barrier along a bridge-hollow-bridge path being as small as ~ 10 meV. |
Tuesday, March 5, 2019 10:36AM - 10:48AM |
E12.00012: Reproducible fabrication of graphene field effect transistors for detection of CA1 Narendra Kumar, Andrew Weber, Mason Gray, Juan C. Ortiz-Marquez, Cameron Richard Desmond, Matthew Catalano, Avni Argun, Tim van Opijnen, Kenneth Burch The ultra-sensitivity of graphene field effect transistors (GFETs) to any chemical or biological interaction on the surface makes them a potential candidate for miniaturized label free biosensors. The reproducibility and stability remain key challenges for GFETs based biosensors as they are also sensitive to environment and chemicals used during fabrication. In this work, the reproducible GFET devices were fabricated inside a glove box in argon environment using monolayer graphene. The fabricated devices showed the charge neutrality point (CNP) of 0±10V in the back gate mode while ~0.5V in top liquid gate mode using Pt wire as pseudo reference electrode. Finally, the fabricated devices were utilized for detection of carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1) in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) as well as CA1 spiked diluted human saliva samples using RNA aptamer as probes. I will discuss the various limits of detection and sensitivity to non-specific targets. |
Tuesday, March 5, 2019 10:48AM - 11:00AM |
E12.00013: Fabrication of lithographic and self-organized graphene ribbons grown on SiC BIYI WU, Yanfei Yang, Albert Rigosi, Jiuning Hu, Hsin-Yen Lee, Mattias Kruskopf, Hanbyul Jin, Randolph E Elmquist, Chi-Te Liang It has been shown that the edge properties play an important role in transport in narrow ribbons. In this work, we prepare two types of graphene ribbons within a few hundred nm by vastly different fabrication techniques to discuss the edge effects. The first type of samples is made by electron-beam lithography and conventional RIE etching processes. Strong negative magnetoresistance (MR) behavior is observed due to the consequence of disorder in the edge structure (e.g. chemical dopants, the resolution of e-beam lithography and so on). The second type of ribbons on SiC is self-organized, and grown “naturally” (i.e., similar to the way large-area monolayer graphene can be prepared by high-temperature Si sublimation [1]), which guarantees cleaner and more uniform edges. At low magnetic fields, the MR curve shows evidence for weak localization due to intervalley scattering from the sharp edges. With increasing magnetic field, quantum transport described by boundary scattering in the quasi-ballistic regime can be observed [2]. The scattering mechanism of self-organized ribbons is totally different from that of the etched one due to the edge effects. |
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