Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS March Meeting 2018
Volume 63, Number 1
Monday–Friday, March 5–9, 2018; Los Angeles, California
Session R39: Superconducting AmplifiersFocus
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Sponsoring Units: DQI Chair: Baleegh Abdo, IBM T J Watson Res Ctr Room: LACC 501B |
Thursday, March 8, 2018 8:00AM - 8:36AM |
R39.00001: Broadband Parametric Amplification Using Impedance Engineering Invited Speaker: Rajamani Vijayaraghavan Josephson junction based parametric amplifiers have become a crucial component of cryogenic quantum measurement circuitry and have enabled recent studies of quantum jumps, squeezed microwave radiation, qubit state tracking, quantum feedback, quantum error detection, and more. This has been possible because these amplifiers provide sufficient gain (~ 20 dB) and operate close to the quantum noise limit for amplification, resulting in excellent signal to noise ratio in various experiments. Typically, devices which use one or two oscillator modes provide 5 – 50 MHz of instantaneous bandwidth, while those based on non-linear transmission lines can provide few GHz of bandwidth. Recently, we demonstrated a simple impedance engineering technique to enhance the bandwidth of a single mode Josephson Parametric Amplifier (JPA) beyond the standard gain-bandwidth product. In this talk, I will first describe this technique and present results on a device where we obtained 640 MHz of bandwidth with 20 dB gain and near quantum limited noise performance. I will then discuss how to generalize this technique to other parametric amplifier designs with a particular focus on Josephson Parametric Converter (JPC) based amplifiers. I will present theoretical and experimental results on bandwidth enhanced JPC based amplifiers, working not only in the standard reflection mode but also in the transmission mode with non-reciprocal gain. Finally, I will discuss possible methods to improve saturation properties of such devices in order to make a practical amplifier useful for quantum measurements. |
Thursday, March 8, 2018 8:36AM - 8:48AM |
R39.00002: High Power Josephson Parametric Amplifiers with GHz Bandwidth Ofer Naaman, David Ferguson, Alex Marakov, William Koehl, Ryan Epstein, Moe Khalil Josephson parametric amplifiers offer quantum-limited noise performance at microwave frequencies. Traditionally, Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPA) have been limited in their bandwidth and saturation powers, or alternatively have required a large number of junctions in a traveling-wave architecture. Here we show that by using established impedance matching techniques, the JPA bandwidth can be increased from the common 10 MHz range to over 1.5 GHz at 20 dB gain. By replacing the amplifier junctions with rf-SQUID arrays with moderate junction count, we can additionally improve the amplifier saturation power to -90 dBm. We will discuss the amplifier design principles and flow, present reference schematics, and compare calculated and simulated gain and saturation characteristics. |
Thursday, March 8, 2018 8:48AM - 9:00AM |
R39.00003: Traveling-Wave Parametric Amplifier: Phase matching in a Josephson Metamaterial with a tunable Kerr constant Wenyuan Zhang, Michael Gershenson, Matthew Bell We report on microwave characterization of a traveling-wave parametric amplifier (TWPA) composed of a unique Josephson metamaterial with a tunable Kerr constant. The strong nonlinear response of this metamaterial, which is composed of a chain of coupled asymmetric superconducting quantum interference devices, can be tuned by an external magnetic flux; its Kerr constant can even change sign. This tunability facilitates phase matching in a degenerate four-wave mixing process for efficient parametric amplification, and eliminates the need for dispersion engineering. In this talk we will discuss the metamaterial characterization as well as the preliminary measurements of a prototype TWPA (gain > 20 dB over a bandwidth of 9 GHz in a TWPA which is less than 3 mm long). |
Thursday, March 8, 2018 9:00AM - 9:12AM |
R39.00004: Photon statistics of a Josephson parametric amplifier from continuous microwave measurements Jean Olivier Simoneau, Stéphane Virally, Christian Lupien, Bertrand Reulet The electric ac current flowing though a mesoscopic device exhibits rich electromagnetic fluctuations.[1] Those fluctuations can either be studied through the lens of charge transport or that of quantum optics. In the quantum optics perspective, it is possible to measure the discrete photon statistics of a microwave signal using the cumulants of its continuous voltage fluctuations.[2] I will present recent results for the photon statistics of a Josephson parametric amplifier, the archetypal source of squeezed states in the microwave domain. The results convincingly agree with an input-ouput model of the device and measurement setup. |
Thursday, March 8, 2018 9:12AM - 9:24AM |
R39.00005: Demonstration of Improved Sensitivity in Recovering a Displaced Cavity State with Josephson Parametric Amplifiers Maxime Malnou, Daniel Palken, Leila Vale, Gene Hilton, Konrad Lehnert Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPAs) can efficiently generate and amplify squeezed microwave light [1], useful in improving the measurement of the state of a resonant cavity. If deployed in a cavity-based search for dark matter axions, squeezing is capable of accelerating the search by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio of the microwave photons generated from axion conversion, over a broad bandwidth [2]. In a demonstration of this, we operate a pair of JPAs, flux-pumped to minimize microwave losses, with an overcoupled, empty cavity placed between them. Into this cavity, we inject a microwave tone through a separate, weakly-coupled port, and observe that squeezing significantly enhances this signal’s visibility. |
Thursday, March 8, 2018 9:24AM - 9:36AM |
R39.00006: Engineering the nonlinearity of a SNAIL parametric amplifier for higher dynamic range: part 1 Nicholas Frattini, Volodymyr Sivak, Andrew Lingenfelter, Shyam Shankar, Michel Devoret Quantum-limited Josephson parametric amplifiers are an important component for most superconducting qubit readout methods. Although the basic theoretical model that describes such amplifiers is very general, the exact physical realization may rely on using different types of nonlinearity for mixing. Pure three-wave mixing amplifiers use 3rd order nonlinearity for the mixing leading to amplification, while keeping away harmful 4th order Kerr nonlinearity that limits the dynamic range of the amplifier. We present a degenerate amplifier based on an array of SNAILs (Superconducting Nonlinear Asymmetric Inductive Elements), in which the 3rd and 4th order nonlinearities can be separately adjusted in order to optimize the amplifier performance. In particular, this SNAIL parametric amplifier can be flux-tuned to a Kerr-free point while still possessing third order nonlinearity. In part 1, we will present results of direct measurement of Kerr nonlinearity and indirect measurement of 3rd order nonlinearity. |
Thursday, March 8, 2018 9:36AM - 9:48AM |
R39.00007: Engineering the nonlinearity of a SNAIL parametric amplifier to achieve higher dynamic range: part 2 Volodymyr Sivak, Nicholas Frattini, Andrew Lingenfelter, Shyam Shankar, Michel Devoret Quantum-limited Josephson parametric amplifiers are an important component for most superconducting qubit readout methods. Although the basic theoretical model that describes such amplifiers is very general, the exact physical realization may rely on using different types of nonlinearity for mixing. Pure three-wave mixing amplifiers use 3rd order nonlinearity for the mixing leading to amplification, while keeping away harmful 4th order Kerr nonlinearity that limits the dynamic range of the amplifier. We present a degenerate amplifier based on an array of SNAILs (Superconducting Nonlinear Asymmetric Inductive Elements),in which the 3rd and 4th order nonlinearities can be separately adjusted in order to optimize the amplifier performance. In particular, this SNAIL parametric amplifier can be flux-tuned to a Kerr-free point while still possessing third order nonlinearity. In part 2, we report the observation of an increase in the saturation power at the Kerr-free operating point of the device and provide design guidelines for optimizing a general pumped mixing process. |
Thursday, March 8, 2018 9:48AM - 10:00AM |
R39.00008: Superconducting Qubit Readout with a Kinetic Inductance Traveling-wave Parametric Amplifier Leonardo Ranzani, Kin Fong, Guilhem Ribeill, Mustafa Bal, David Pappas, Thomas Ohki In this talk we discuss the wideband gain and noise temperature characterization of a kinetic inductance traveling-wave (KIT) amplifier and its use for the simultaneous readout of multiple superconducting transmon qubits. The amplifier consists of a long nonlinear NbTiN superconducting coplanar waveguide parametrically driven by injecting a strong microwave pump to modulate the line kinetic inductance. The amplifier provides wideband gain in the 4-12 GHz band, high saturation power and low noise. We measured the calibrated gain, return loss and noise temperature data over the entire device bandwidth using a combination of thru-reflect-line calibration standards and a tunable temperature load. Furthermore we performed the simultaneous single-shot readout of two superconducting transmon qubits and amplified the corresponding readout tones with the KIT amplifier, obtaining greater than 90% readout fidelity. |
Thursday, March 8, 2018 10:00AM - 10:12AM |
R39.00009: Superconducting Traveling-Wave Kinetic Inductance Amplifiers Based on Self-Aligned Technology Mustafa Bal, Xian Wu, Russell Lake, Junling Long, Hsiang-Sheng Ku, David Pappas We realize traveling-wave kinetic inductance (KIT) amplifiers based on thin superconducting transmission lines. The nonlinearity originates from the kinetic inductance of the superconducting material and enables amplification. Often, the impedance of the transmission line is significantly higher than the 50 Ohm microwave environment due to the dominance of kinetic inductance over geometric inductance at micron size scales. To address this impedance mismatch, we employ a novel self-aligned technology to fabricate coplanar waveguide and LC ladder transmission lines using optical lithography in NbTiN, TiN, and NbN. This technology allows transmission lines with very narrow gaps and center lines, down to 200 nm, enabling tunable impedance over a broad range and suppression of unwanted slotline modes. Measurements of parametric gain in resulting transmission lines, and qubits will be presented. |
Thursday, March 8, 2018 10:12AM - 10:24AM |
R39.00010: Tayloring non-linearity of Josephson Parametric Amplifiers using SQUID arrays Luca Planat, Remy Dassonneville, Olivier Buisson, farshad foroughi, Wiebke Guichard, cecile naud, Javier Puertas, Kater Murch, Rajamani Vijayaraghavan, Nicolas Roch Gain, bandwidth and noise temperature (or quantum efficiency) are the most cited figures of merit of an amplifier. However when dealing with Josephson Parametric Amplifiers (JPA), it appears that non-linearity is of prime importance. Indeed this quantity imposes the strength of the pump and thus the input saturation power (characterized as the 1dB compression point) of such amplifiers. We present a new design of JPA made of an array of eighty superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), reaching close to quantum-limited amplification through a 4-wave Kerr nonlinearity. This device is a lambda/4 non-linear resonator and we present a general method to map it to an effective non-linear series LC oscillator. Our ability to tailor the Kerr nonlinearity via the number of SQUIDs in the array and thus increasing the dynamical range of the JPA permits to break the usual trade-off between bandwidth and dynamical range of the JPA. At 20dB gain, a bandwidth of 47MHz and a 1dB compression point of -110dBm are measured. A single-SQUID JPA showing the same bandwidth and resonant frequency would display a saturation power more than 10dB lower. |
Thursday, March 8, 2018 10:24AM - 10:36AM |
R39.00011: Optical lithography implementation of a non-degenerate parametric amplifier based on two coupled Josephson junction arrays Patrick Winkel, Ivan Takmakov, Luca Planat, Nataliya Maleeva, Alexey Ustinov, Wolfgang Wernsdorfer, Ioan-Mihai Pop, Nicolas Roch Quantum-limited amplification is a prerequisite for the implementation of state-of-the-art quantum information processing schemes with superconducting quantum bits. We present the implementation of a parametric amplifier which consists of two identical, capacitively coupled Josephson junction array resonators, referred to as Dimer Josephson Junction Array Amplifier (DJJAA). The Josephson Junction arrays are sufficiently long (103 junctions) that several eigenmodes are found on the linear part of the dispersion relation and can be used for amplification. Due to the shared coupling capacitance between the arrays, their spectra hybridize to symmetric and antisymmetric pairs of modes [Eichler et al., PRL 113 (2014)], with a level splitting up to several hundreds of MHz. We observe non-degenerate amplification in excess of 20 dB, instantaneous bandwidth of approx. 10 MHz, 1 GHz frequency tunability, and dynamic range exceeding the single-photon regime. All structures are fabricated using standard two step optical lithography, making the DJJAA fabrication procedure easily accessible to a wide community. |
Thursday, March 8, 2018 10:36AM - 10:48AM |
R39.00012: JPA with Improved bandwidth and saturation of power, Part I: Design Michael Selvanayagam, Dennis Feng, Mehrnoosh Vahidpour, Saniya Deshpande, Ting-Wai To, Blake Johnson, Damon Russell, Chad Rigetti An attractive strategy for scaling up superconducting qubits is to multiplex qubit readout onto a single line. This places a constraint on the parametric amplifier which amplifies the readout signal to have increased bandwidth and saturation power capabilities so that multiple readout pulses can be handled. Here, we present the design approach used at Rigetti to realize both broadband JPA's and JPA's with higher saturation power. For increasing bandwidth we analyze an optimization procedure to realize impedance matching networks given a desired bandwidth. We present the performance of the JPAs from our numerical solutions |
Thursday, March 8, 2018 10:48AM - 11:00AM |
R39.00013: JPA with Improved bandwidth and saturation of power, Part II: Experiment Saniya Deshpande, Michael Selvanayagam, Dennis Feng, Prasahnt Sivarajah, Alexa Staley, Ting-Wai To, Tom Manning, Damon Russell, Shane Caldwell, Alexander Papageorge, Mehrnoosh Vahidpour, Chad Rigetti Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPAs) have become crucial components of superconducting qubit measurements to overcome the low signal to noise ratio in the dispersive readout scheme and enabling single-shot readout. To enable multiplexing of qubit readout along a single line, we have designed broadband JPAs with higher saturation power. We develop a measurement approach to optimize JPA performance using a pulsed measurement scheme to carefully select operating parameters such as DC bias, pump frequency and pump power. The pulsed bring-up is enabled by software defined radios for scalable characterization. We describe the characterization and performance of these JPAs and discuss implications on qubit measurement fidelity and multiplexing. |
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