Bulletin of the American Physical Society
2009 APS March Meeting
Volume 54, Number 1
Monday–Friday, March 16–20, 2009; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Session D3: Pake, McGroddy, and Industrial Application of Physics Prizes, Adler Award |
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Sponsoring Units: FIAP DMP Chair: Mark Lee, Sandia National Laboratories Room: 301/302 |
Monday, March 16, 2009 2:30PM - 3:06PM |
D3.00001: George E. Pake Prize Talk: Kosterlitz-Thouless Transitions, Weak Localization, Aharonov-Bohm Oscillations, Heavy Fermions, Flux Lattice Melting, Casimir Forces and other Pleasures from a Career in Low Temperature Physics Invited Speaker: In my talk I will discuss and review a number of the memorable experiments that I have had the good fortune to be affiliated with over a thirty-five year career spent in low temperature physics. They range from the first observation of the Kosterlitz-Thouless Transition in superfluid helium films to mechanical measurements of the Casimir Force using a MEMS microbalance. These experiments were done at Cornell and Bell Labs. It has been my privilege to be affiliated with these two premier institutions which are among the very best places in the world to do low temperature physics. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 16, 2009 3:06PM - 3:42PM |
D3.00002: Prize for Industrial Applications of Physics Talk: The Inverse Scattering Problem and the role of measurements in its solution Invited Speaker: The electromagnetic inverse scattering problem suggests that if a homogeneous and non-absorbing object be illuminated with a monochromatic light source and if the far field scattered light intensity is known at sufficient scattering angles, then, in principle, one could derive the dielectric structure of the scattering object. In general, this is an ill-posed problem and methods must be developed to regularize the search for unique solutions. An iterative procedure often begins with a model of the scattering object, solves the forward scattering problem using this model, and then compares these calculated results with the measured values. Key to any such solution is instrumentation capable of providing adequate data. To this end, the development of the first laser based absolute light scattering photometers is described together with their continuing evolution and some of the remarkable discoveries made with them. For particles much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light (e.g. macromolecules), the inverse scattering problems are easily solved. Among the many solutions derived with this instrumentation are the in situ structure of bacterial cells, new drug delivery mechanisms, the development of new vaccines and other biologicals, characterization of wines, the possibility of custom chemotherapy, development of new polymeric materials, identification of protein crystallization conditions, and a variety discoveries concerning protein interactions. A new form of the problem is described to address bioterrorist threats. Over the many years of development and refinement, one element stands out as essential for the successes that followed: the R and D teams were always directed and executed by physics trained theorists and experimentalists. 14 Ph. D. physicists each made his/her unique contribution to the development of these evolving instruments and the interpretation of their results. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 16, 2009 3:42PM - 4:18PM |
D3.00003: James C. McGroddy Prize Talk: Metallic Glasses Invited Speaker: This abstract not available. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 16, 2009 4:18PM - 4:54PM |
D3.00004: James C. McGroddy Prize Talk: Development and Applications of Bulk Metallic Glasses Invited Speaker: We realized, through detailed amorphous material investigations in the 1980's, that a number of metallic glassy alloys of multi-component La-, Mg- and Zr-based systems exhibit a large supercooled-liquid region prior to crystallization. The stabilization phenomenon of these supercooled liquid should enable us to fabricate, by slow cooling processes, bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) with critical diameters larger than several millimeters. Caltech's group also succeeded the fabrication of BMG in Zr-based alloy system in 1993. Since then, much attention has been paid to BMGs because of their novel characteristics in basic science and engineering aspects and new materials science and engineering fields have emerged for BMGs. Based on knowledge obtained thus far, we have successfully developed new BMGs with technologically-important transition metals, such as Zr-, Ti-, Fe-, Co-, Ni- and Cu-based alloys. Currently, the maximum diameter for glass formation reaches 30 mm for Zr- and Cu-based systems, 12 mm for Ti-based system, 18 mm for Fe-Co-based system and 20 mm for Ni-based system, even employing the copper mold casting technique. These large size BMGs possess nearly the same fundamental properties as those of the BMGs with smaller diameters. BMGs with diameters above 10 mm can be formed in Zr-Al-Ni-Cu system with Zr compositions higher than 65 at{\%} and they exhibit excellent properties, such as high Poisson's ratio, high ductility, high fracture toughness, high fatigue strength and high stability of mechanical properties to annealing-induced embrittlement. The new Ti-based BMGs without allergic and toxic elements should exhibit good compatibility to bio-tissues. Applications of BMGs in Fe-, Co-, Ti- and Zr-based systems have advanced many devices including the following; choke coil, power inductor, electro magnetic shielding, magnetic and position sensors, micro-geared motor, pressure sensor, Coriolis flowmeter, surface coating layer, precise polishing medium, magnetic and structural parts in electric magnetic control-type spring drive watches, medical operation instruments and so forth. A. Inoue, Acta Mater., 48(2000), 279-306. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, March 16, 2009 4:54PM - 5:30PM |
D3.00005: David Adler Lectureship Award: n-point Correlation Functions in Heterogeneous Materials. Invited Speaker: The determination of the bulk transport, electromagnetic, mechanical, and optical properties of heterogeneous materials has a long and venerable history, attracting the attention of some of the luminaries of science, including Maxwell, Lord Rayleigh, and Einstein. The bulk properties can be shown to depend rigorously upon infinite sets of various $n$-point correlation functions. Many different types of correlation functions arise, depending on the physics of the problem. A unified approach to characterize the microstructure and bulk properties of a large class of disordered materials is developed [S. Torquato, {\it Random Heterogeneous Materials: Microstructure and Macroscopic Properties} (Springer-Verlag, New York, 2002)]. This is accomplished via a {\it canonical} $n$-point function $H_n$ from which one can derive exact analytical expressions for any microstructural function of interest. This microstructural information can then be used to estimate accurately the bulk properties of the material. Unlike homogeneous materials, seemingly different bulk properties (e.g., transport and mechanical properties) of a heterogeneous material can be linked to one another because of the common microstructure that they share. Such cross-property relations can be used to estimate one property given a measurement of another. A recently identified {\it decorrelation principle}, roughly speaking, refers to the phenomenon that unconstrained correlations that exist in low-dimensional disordered materials vanish as the space dimension becomes large. Among other results, this implies that in sufficiently high dimensions the densest spheres packings may be disordered (rather than ordered) [S. Torquato and F. H. Stillinger, ``New Conjectural Lower Bounds on the Optimal Density of Sphere Packings," {\it Experimental Mathematics}, {\bf 15}, 307 (2006)]. [Preview Abstract] |
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