Bulletin of the American Physical Society
2009 APS March Meeting
Volume 54, Number 1
Monday–Friday, March 16–20, 2009; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Session W8: Forefront Detectors for Synchrotron Radiation |
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Sponsoring Units: GIMS Chair: Timothy Graber, University of Chicago Room: 414/415 |
Thursday, March 19, 2009 11:15AM - 11:51AM |
W8.00001: Advanced X-ray Detector Development at NSLS Invited Speaker: Several detector development projects are underway at Brookhaven National Laboratory's NSLS. These projects are close collaborations between NSLS and BNL's Instrumentation Division, and address various synchrotron radiation techniques such as diffraction, spectroscopy and imaging. They are all based on custom microelectronics for high-density readout and custom sensors fabricated in-house at BNL. The talk will describe selected examples of these developments. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 19, 2009 11:51AM - 12:27PM |
W8.00002: Novel Detector developments for the European XFEL Invited Speaker: The source properties of the European XFEL to be built in Hamburg impose extremely demanding requirements for the X-ray detectors that will be used in the experiments. The high luminosity of European XFEL, with many more pulses per second as compared to the American and Japanese projects, is one of the strong points that for sure will be used to the advantage in the experiments. The time structure is however such that the pulses are not distributed uniformly in time but are delivered in bunch trains (with up to 3000 bunches in a train) of 0.6 msec followed by 99.4 msec with no beam. This means that up to 3000 images will have to be recorded during the bunch train of 0.6 msec. This can only be achieved by temporarily storing the images in the detector, and reading them out during the 99.4 msec intervals. Furthermore, for every pulse of less than a 100 fsec a complete image has to be recorded, one can not use photon counting (``all photons arrive at the same time''), and one has to use integrating detectors, that record the total deposited X-ray energy, but with sufficiently low noise, so that one is able to distinguish between 0, 1, 2, 3, ... photons. On top of this one also wants to be able to record up to 10$^{4}$ photons, meaning a true dynamic range of more than 10$^{4}$, which is far from trivial. I will show various experimental examples, illustrating the specific detector challenges that follow from the above requirements. I will also discuss one solution, currently under development, which is the Adaptive Gain Integration Pixel Detector (AGIPD) project (DESY, PSI, Uni-Bonn, Uni-Hamburg). This detector is based on a classical Hybrid pixel array detector with a dynamically switcheable gain stage to cope with the dynamic range, and an analogue pipeline to store the recorded images during the 0.6 msec bunch train. Two other projects, LPD, and DEPFET will also be mentioned briefly. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 19, 2009 12:27PM - 1:03PM |
W8.00003: Integrating Pixel Array Detector Development Invited Speaker: X-ray experiments are very frequently detector limited at storage ring synchrotron radiation sources, and will be even more so at future x-ray free electron laser and energy recovery linac sources. Limitations most frequently arise from the inability of detectors to efficiently collect and process data at the rates at which the data can be generated. Two bump-bonded silicon pixel array detectors (PADs) are being developed at Cornell University that will greatly enhance data collection capabilities. In these PADs x-rays are converted to electrical signals in a pixelated layer of high resistivity silicon, each pixel of which is connected by a metal solder ``bump'' to a corresponding pixel in a CMOS silicon integrated circuit. Each CMOS pixel contains its own data handling and processing electronics. Since all pixels operate in parallel, the PAD is capable of handling extremely high data throughput. The PAD pixels feature integrating analog front-end electronics which allow extremely high instantaneous count-rates, yet sufficiently high signal-to-noise to be able to detect single x-ray photons. The first PAD is designed for coherent x-ray imaging experiments at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at SLAC. This detector frames continuously at the LCLS rate of 120 Hz, where the data for each frame can arrive in femtoseconds. The second detector, a result of a collaboration with the Area Detector Systems Corporation, is designed for high throughput protein crystallography experiments. Both detectors are described, and test data is provided. The capabilities of the detectors suggest a variety of new applications, some of which will be discussed. [Preview Abstract] |
Thursday, March 19, 2009 1:03PM - 1:39PM |
W8.00004: CMOS Hybrid Pixel Detectors for Scientific, Industrial and Medical Applications Invited Speaker: Crystallography is the principal technique for determining macromolecular structures at atomic resolution and uses advantageously the high intensity of 3rd generation synchrotron X-ray sources . Macromolecular crystallography experiments benefit from excellent beamline equipment, recent software advances and modern X-ray detectors. However, the latter do not take full advantage of the brightness of modern synchrotron sources. CMOS Hybrid pixel array detectors, originally developed for high energy physics experiments, meet these requirements. X-rays are recorded in single photon counting mode and data thus are stored digitally at the earliest possible stage. This architecture leads to several advantages over current detectors: No detector noise is added to the signal. Readout time is reduced to a few milliseconds. The counting rates are matched to beam intensities at protein crystallography beamlines at 3rd generation synchrotrons. The detector is not sensitive to X-rays during readout; therefore no mechanical shutter is required. The detector has a very sharp point spread function (PSF) of one pixel, which allows better resolution of adjacent reflections. Low energy X-rays can be suppressed by the comparator At the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Switzerland the first and largest array based on this technology was constructed: The Pilatus 6M detector. The detector covers an area of 43.1 x 44.8 cm2 , has 6 million pixels and is read out noise free in 3.7 ms. Since June 2007 the detector is in routine operation at the beamline 6S of the Swiss Light Source (SLS). The company DETCRIS Ltd, has licensed the technology from PSI and is commercially offering the PILATUS detectors. Examples of the wide application range of the detectors will be shown. [Preview Abstract] |
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