Bulletin of the American Physical Society
70th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics
Volume 62, Number 14
Sunday–Tuesday, November 19–21, 2017; Denver, Colorado
Session F25: Industrial Applications: EnergyEnergy Industrial
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Chair: Douglas Kelley, University of Rochester Room: 705 |
Monday, November 20, 2017 8:00AM - 8:13AM |
F25.00001: Wind Extraction for Natural Ventilation Tadeu Fagundes, Neda Yaghoobian, Rajan Kumar, Juan Ordonez Due to the depletion of energy resources and the environmental impact of pollution and unsustainable energy resources, energy consumption has become one of the main concerns in our rapidly growing world. Natural ventilation, a traditional method to remove anthropogenic and solar heat gains, proved to be a cost-effective, alternative method to mechanical ventilation. However, while natural ventilation is simple in theory, its detailed design can be a challenge, particularly for wind-driven ventilation, which its performance highly involves the buildings' form, surrounding topography, turbulent flow characteristics, and climate. One of the main challenges with wind-driven natural ventilation schemes is due to the turbulent and unpredictable nature of the wind around the building that impose complex pressure loads on the structure. In practice, these challenges have resulted in founding the natural ventilation mainly on buoyancy (rather than the wind), as the primary force. This study is the initial step for investigating the physical principals of wind extraction over building walls and investigating strategies to reduce the dependence of the wind extraction on the incoming flow characteristics and the target building form. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 20, 2017 8:13AM - 8:26AM |
F25.00002: Measurement of 18650 format lithium ion battery vent mechanism flow parameters Frank Austin Mier, Michael Hargather, Summer Ferreira Under abuse conditions, decomposition reactions within a lithium-ion battery can lead to gas generation resulting in an internal pressure increase. To mitigate the risk of case rupture, commercially available lithium batteries generally contain a pressure relief vent. However, the process of cell venting still presents risks associated with the flow of flammable gases and liquid electrolyte. To better understand this flow, tests are performed on vent mechanisms from the commonly available 18650 format of lithium-ion battery. Experimentally determined flow parameters include opening pressure, effective area, and coefficient of discharge. The batteries tested have a vent mechanism located on the cell’s positive terminal which presents a unique geometry. A test fixture was designed and constructed to pressurize the vent mechanism from a disassembled battery to the point of opening, at which point the opening pressure is recorded. Measurements of stagnation pressure within an accumulator and static pressure in a known cross-sectional area are used to solve for the opening area of the vent with compressible-isentropic flow relationships. An additional measurement of stagnation temperature allows for calculation of mass flow rate out of the system and thus coefficient of discharge. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 20, 2017 8:26AM - 8:39AM |
F25.00003: The influence of negative current collector size on a liquid metal positive electrode Ibrahim Mohammad, Rakan Ashour, Douglas Kelley Fluid mixing in the positive electrode of a liquid metal battery (LMB) governs some performance-related factors such as the rate of charge and discharge of the battery. The negative current collector (NCC) of a LMB is always smaller than the positive current collector, implying that current is convergent at the NCC. Also, different NCC sizes introduce different thermal, electromagnetic, and flow boundary conditions. In this talk, I will show how our lab studies the influence of NCC diameter on the flow in a liquid metal positive electrode driven by electrical current. I will present measurements of the flow velocity taken via Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry (UDV) over a range of different currents, at different NCC diameters. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 20, 2017 8:39AM - 8:52AM |
F25.00004: Towards uncovering the structure of power uctuations of wind farms Leonardo P. Chamorro, Huiwen Liu, Yaqing Jin, Nicolas Tobin The structure of the turbulence-driven power fluctuations in a wind farm is fundamentally described from basic concepts. A derived tuning-free model, supported with experiments, reveals the underlying spectral content of the power fluctuations of a wind farm. It contains two power-law trends and oscillations in the relatively low- and high-frequency ranges. The former is mostly due to the turbulent interaction between the flow and the turbine properties; whereas the latter is due to the advection between turbine pairs. The spectral wind-farm scale power fluctuations $\Phi_P$ exhibits a power-law decay proportional to $f^{-5/3-2}$ in the region corresponding to the turbulence inertial subrange and at relatively large scales, $\Phi_P\sim f^{-2}$. On the order of the advection time between turbine pairs, an oscillation exists with the product of a sinusoidal behavior and an exponential decay in the frequency domain. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 20, 2017 8:52AM - 9:05AM |
F25.00005: On the viability of wind farms with 2- and 3-bladed wind turbines: a numerical and experimental study. Imran Hayat, Tanmoy Chatterjee, Julia Peet, Leonardo P. Chamorro With offshore wind farms gaining substantial momentum in recent years, 2-bladed turbines (2BT) are increasingly becoming a viable alternative to 3-bladed counterparts (3BT). Numerical simulations and laboratory experiments with wind farms containing 2BT and 3BT in alternating rows were performed to explore potential benefits associated with the relatively higher momentum available in the wake of 2BT. The flow within and above the wind farm and power measurements were inspected for various wind farm layouts. Large-Eddy simulations complemented with wind-tunnel measurements at various locations revealed distinctive effects of the 2BT on the power output of the wind farms as well as the distribution and structure of the surrounding flow. During the talk, we will discuss the potential of using a combination of 2BT and 3BT for practical applications. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 20, 2017 9:05AM - 9:18AM |
F25.00006: Three-dimensional Measurements of Flow Field and Contaminant Dispersion in Urban Environments using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Dipak Prasad, Nicholas Divito, Matthew Byers, William White, Michael Benson, Bret Van Poppel, Christopher Elkins The dispersion of a scalar contaminant through an urban environment is complex to simulate and current modeling techniques lack detailed validation data necessary to assess accuracy. This work provides a detailed data set for Computational Fluid Dynamic simulations as well as an analysis of fluid flow and contaminant dispersion across two incident angles, 0 and 45 degrees from the freestream, across an array of cubical buildings, with one building in the center column three times as tall. The contaminant is injected from the base behind the tall building. Magnetic resonance imaging techniques are used to collect three-dimensional, time-averaged, three-component velocity and concentration field data. The flow is conducted in a water channel at a fully turbulent condition. The 0 degree case shows symmetrical velocity flow around each building with counter-rotating vortices immediately behind the tall building. Scalar contaminant dispersion in this array shows a rapid draw of higher concentration fluid up the back of the tall building, which is advected downstream. The 45 degree array shows similar patterns with vortices covering a larger area in the wake of the tall building. Analysis of the streamlines around the tall building indicate more `mechanical' dispersion due to the lateral spreading of the streamlines. These experiments should help improve prediction performance. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 20, 2017 9:18AM - 9:31AM |
F25.00007: Critical length scales for flow phenomena in liquid metal batteries Douglas Kelley, Tom Weier Liquid metal batteries, a new technology for grid-scale energy storage, are composed of three liquid layers and therefore subject to a wide variety of fluid dynamical phenomena, both beneficial and detrimental. Some, like thermal convection and electrovortex flow, drive finite flow regardless of the size, current density, and temperature of the battery. Others, like the Tayler instability and the metal pad instability, occur only in certain parameter regimes~--- almost always dependent on length scale. I will discuss critical length scales, considering implications for battery design in light of fundamental fluid dynamics. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 20, 2017 9:31AM - 9:44AM |
F25.00008: Design and Manufacturing of Desalination System Powered by Solar Energy Using CDI Technique Mohammad Sajjad Rostami, Morteza Khashehchi, Ehsan Pipelzadeh Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging energy efficient, low pressure and low capital intensive desalination process where ions are separated by a pure electrostatic force imposed by a small bias potential as low as 1 V That funded by an external Renewable (Solar) power supply to materials with high specific surface area. The main objective of this configuration is to separate the cation and anions on oppositely charged electrodes. One of the key parameters for commercial realization of CDI is the salt adsorption capacity of the electrodes. State-of-the-art electrode materials are based on porous activated carbon particles or carbon aerogels. Various electrode materials have been developed in the past, which have suffered from instability and lack of performance. Preliminary experimental results using carbon black, graphite powder, graphene$\setminus $ graphite$\setminus $ PTFE (Active$\setminus $ Conductive$\setminus $ binder) show that the graphene reduced via urea method is a suitable method to develop CDI electrode materials. Although some progress has been made, production of efficient and stable carbon based electrode materials for large scale desalination has not been fully realized. [Preview Abstract] |
Monday, November 20, 2017 9:44AM - 9:57AM |
F25.00009: Preliminary CFD study of Pebble Size and its Effect on Heat Transfer in a Pebble Bed Reactor. Andrew Jones, Christian Enriquez, Julian Spangler, Tein Yee, Jungkyu Park, Eduardo Farfan In pebble bed reactors, the typical pebble diameter used is 6cm, and within each pebble is are thousands of nuclear fuel kernels. However, efficiency of the reactor does not solely depend on the number of kernels of fuel within each graphite sphere, but also depends on the type and motion of the coolant within the voids between the spheres and the reactor itself. In this work a physical analysis of the pebble bed nuclear reactor's fluid dynamics is undertaken using Computational Fluid Dynamics software. The primary goal of this work is to observe the relationship between the different pebble diameters in an idealized alignment and the thermal transport efficiency of the reactor. The model constructed of our idealized argument will consist on stacked 8 pebble columns that fixed at the inlet on the reactor. Two different pebble sizes 4 cm and 6 cm will be studied and helium will be supplied as coolant with a fixed flow rate of 96 kg/s, also a fixed pebble surface temperatures will be used. Comparison will then be made to evaluate the efficiency of coolant to transport heat due to the varying sizes of the pebbles. [Preview Abstract] |
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