Bulletin of the American Physical Society
67th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics
Volume 59, Number 20
Sunday–Tuesday, November 23–25, 2014; San Francisco, California
Session A7: Biofluids: Medical Devices |
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Chair: Sarah Waters, Oxford University Room: 3012 |
Sunday, November 23, 2014 8:00AM - 8:13AM |
A7.00001: Examination of unsteady flow in a mildly curved vessel with stent-like wall protrusions: A tale of two vessels Chekema Prince, Sean D. Peterson New stent designs allow for better conformity to the vessel curvature, maintaining the complex primary and secondary flow patterns present in the native vessel. Despite design improvements, stent induced alterations in local vascular geometry are inevitable and have been associated with stent failure due to in-stent restenosis (ISR). The objective of this study is to elucidate the unsteady flow physics induced by stent implantation, accounting in particular for vessel curvature. The present study focuses on the investigation of unsteady flow through mildly curved vessels with protrusion patterns that emulate current stent designs using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The modeled geometries include various protrusion frequencies, heights, and widths. Two different arterial velocities waveforms, mimicking the coronary and carotid artery environment, will be considered. A detailed examination of the flow environment induced by the stent presence will be correlated with derived parameters from the flow behavior, such as critical wall shear stress typically associated with ISR development. Specifically, the role of secondary flow in the convective transport of ISR stimuli to the vessel wall will be explored. [Preview Abstract] |
Sunday, November 23, 2014 8:13AM - 8:26AM |
A7.00002: Unsteady jet in designing innovative drug delivery system Cong Wang, Paul Mazur, Julia Cosse, Stephanie Rider, Morteza Gharib Micro-needle injections, a promising pain-free drug delivery method, is constrained by its limited penetration depth. This deficiency can be overcome by implementing fast unsteady jet that can penetrate sub-dermally. The development of a faster liquid jet would increase the penetration depth and delivery volume of micro-needles. In this preliminary work, the nonlinear transient behavior of an elastic tube balloon in providing fast discharge is analyzed. A physical model that combines the Mooney Rivlin Material model and Young-Lapalce's Law was developed and used to investigate the fast discharging dynamic phenomenon. A proof of concept prototype was constructed to demonstrate the feasibility of a simple thumb-sized delivery system to generate liquid jet with desired speed in the range of 5-10 m/s. [Preview Abstract] |
Sunday, November 23, 2014 8:26AM - 8:39AM |
A7.00003: Secondary flows enhance mixing in a model of vibration-assisted dialysis John Pitre, Bruce Mueller, Susan Lewis, Joseph Bull Hemodialysis is an integral part of treatment for patients with end stage renal disease. While hemodialysis has traditionally been described as a diffusion-dominated process, recent in vitro work has shown that vibration of the dialyzer can enhance the clearance of certain solutes during treatment. We hypothesize that the addition of vibration generates secondary flows in the dialysate compartment. These flows, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the dialysis fibers, advect solute away from the fiber walls, thus maintaining a larger concentration gradient and enhancing diffusion. Using the finite element method, we simulated the flow of dialysate through a hexagonally-packed array of cylinders and the transport of solute away from the cylinder walls. The addition of vibration was modeled using sinusoidal body forces of various frequencies and amplitudes. Using the variance of the concentration field as a metric, we found that vibration improves mixing according to a power law dependency on frequency. We will discuss the implications of these computational results on our understanding of the in vitro experiments and propose optimal vibration patterns for improving clearance in dialysis treatments. [Preview Abstract] |
Sunday, November 23, 2014 8:39AM - 8:52AM |
A7.00004: Heparin Leakage in Central Venous Catheters by Hemodynamic Transport Michael Barbour, Patrick McGah, Kenneth Gow, Alberto Aliseda Central venous catheters (CVCs), placed in the superior vena cava for hemodialysis, are routinely filled with heparin, an anticoagulant, while not in use to maintain patency and prevent thrombus formation at the catheter tip. However, the heparin-lock procedure places the patient at risk for systemic bleeding incidences, as heparin is known to leak into the blood stream. We propose that the driving mechanism behind heparin leakage is advective-diffusive transport due to the pulsatile blood flow surrounding the catheter tip. This novel hypothesis is based on Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) measurements of heparin transport from a CVC placed inside an \textit{in vitro} pulsatile flow loop and validated with CFD simulations. The results show an initial, fast ($<$10s), advection-dominated phase that rapidly depletes the concentration of heparin at the CVC tip, followed by a slow, diffusion-limited phase inside the catheter lumen, where concentration is still high, that is insufficient at replenishing the lost heparin at the tip. These results, which estimate leakage rates consistent with published in vivo data, predict that the concentration of heparin at the catheter tip is effectively zero for the majority of the interdialytic phase, rendering the heparin lock ineffective. [Preview Abstract] |
Sunday, November 23, 2014 8:52AM - 9:05AM |
A7.00005: Effects of incomplete stent apposition on the changes in hemodynamics inside a curved and calcified coronary artery Eric Poon, Andrew Ooi, Peter Barlis, Umair Hayat, Stephen Moore Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the modern gold standard for treatment of coronary artery disease. Stenting (a common PCI procedure) of simple lesion inside a relatively straight segment of coronary artery has proven to be highly successful. However, incomplete stent apposition (ISA) where there is a lack of contact between the stent struts and lumen wall is not uncommon in curved and calcified coronary arteries. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are carried out to study the changes in hemodynamics as a result of ISA inside a curved and calcified coronary artery. For a 3mm coronary artery, we simulate a resting condition at 80 mL/min and a range of hyperemic conditions with coronary flow reserve in between 1 and 2. The heartbeat is fixed at 75 BPM. Five different curvatures of the coronary artery are considered. Negative effects on hemodynamic variables, such as low wall shear stress (\textless 0.5 Pa); high wall shear stress gradient (\textgreater 5,000 Pa/m) and oscillation shear index (0 $\le $ OSI $\le $ 0.5), are employed to identify locations with high possibilities of adverse clinical events. This study will lead to better understandings of ISA in curved and calcified coronary arteries and help improve future coronary stent deployment. [Preview Abstract] |
Sunday, November 23, 2014 9:05AM - 9:18AM |
A7.00006: Mathematical modelling of flow and transport processes in tissue engineering bioreactors Sarah Waters, Natalie Pearson, James Oliver, Rebecca Shipley To artificially engineer tissues numerous biophysical and biochemical processes must be integrated to produce tissues with the desired {\it in vivo} properties. Tissue engineering bioreactors are cell culture systems which aim to mimic the {\it in vivo} environment. We consider a hollow fibre membrane bioreactor (HFMB), which utilises fluid flow to enhance the delivery of growth factors and nutrients to, and metabolite removal from, the cells, as well as provide appropriate mechanical stimuli to the cells. Biological tissues comprise a wide variety of interacting components, and multiphase models provide a natural framework to investigate such interactions. We present a suite of mathematical models (capturing different experimental setups) which consider the fluid flow, solute transport, and cell yield and distribution within a HFMB. The governing equations are simplified by exploiting the slender geometry of the bioreactor system, so that, {\it e.g.}, lubrication theory may be used to describe flow in the lumen. We interrogate the models to illustrate typical behaviours of each setup in turn, and highlight the dependence of results on key experimentally controllable parameter values. Once validated, such models can be used to inform and direct future experiments. [Preview Abstract] |
Sunday, November 23, 2014 9:18AM - 9:31AM |
A7.00007: Numerical Simulations of the Mechanics of Vitrectomy Ethan Young, Jeff D. Eldredge, Jean-Pierre Hubschman Filling the cavity between the lens and retina in the eye is a clear, gel-like substance known as vitreous humor. The treatment of certain eye abnormalities necessitates the removal of this substance, in a surgical procedure called a vitrectomy, using a device called a vitreous cutter. Understanding the behavior of this viscoelastic biofluid during operations is essential to improving the effectiveness of the procedure. In this work, a three-dimensional computational model of a vitreous cutter is investigated using an immersed boundary method and a viscoelastic constitutive model. The solver uses a fractional-step method to satisfy continuity and traction boundary conditions to simulate the applied suction. The Giesekus constitutive equation is used to model the vitreous, as it captures both elastic and shear-thinning effects. Rheological parameters were obtained from the work of Sharif-Kashani et al. [Retina, 2013]. These simulations were used to quantify both the average and time-varying flow rate through the device during different stages in the cutting cycle. Characteristics of the flow field illustrate how surgical variables like cutting speed, duty cycle, and aspiration pressure affect overall flow rate and suggest targets for improving cutter efficacy. [Preview Abstract] |
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