Bulletin of the American Physical Society
APS April Meeting 2014
Volume 59, Number 5
Saturday–Tuesday, April 5–8, 2014; Savannah, Georgia
Session T1: Poster Session III (14:00-17:00) |
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Sponsoring Units: APS Room: Exhibit Hall |
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T1.00001: TESTS OF PHYSICAL LAWS |
(Author Not Attending)
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T1.00002: Critical Analysis of the Mathematical Formalism of Theoretical Physics. II. Foundations of Vector Calculus Temur Z. Kalanov A critical analysis of the foundations of standard vector calculus is proposed. The methodological basis of the analysis is the unity of formal logic and of rational dialectics. It is proved that the vector calculus is incorrect theory because: (a) it is not based on a correct methodological basis -- the unity of formal logic and of rational dialectics; (b) it does not contain the correct definitions of ``movement,'' ``direction'' and ``vector''; (c) it does not take into consideration the dimensions of physical quantities (i.e., number names, denominate numbers, concrete numbers), characterizing the concept of ''physical vector,'' and, therefore, it has no natural-scientific meaning; (d) operations on ``physical vectors'' and the vector calculus propositions relating to the ''physical vectors'' are contrary to formal logic. [Preview Abstract] |
(Author Not Attending)
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T1.00003: Critical Analysis of the Mathematical Formalism of Theoretical Physics. III. Pythagorean Theorem Temur Z. Kalanov The critical analysis of the Pythagorean theorem and of the problem of irrational numbers is proposed. Methodological basis of the analysis is the unity of formal logic and of rational dialectics. It is proved that the Pythagorean theorem (i.e., $a^{\,2}\;\,+\;\,b^{\,2}\;\,=\;\,c^{\,2}$ where segments $a$, $b$, and $c$ are the legs and the hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle, respectively) does not represent an absolute scientific truth: this theorem represents a conventional theoretical proposition. The essence of the Pythagorean theorem is that the Pythagorean theorem is a logical error and, therefore, leads to appearance of irrational numbers when the sum $a^{\,2}\;\,+\;\,b^{\,2}$ cannot be transformed into the area of the square having side $c$. Irrational number is image of calculation process and, therefore, it does not exist on the number scale. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00004: A New Left-Right Antisymmetric Theory of Force Unification Rasulkhozha S. Sharafiddinov Any of neutrinos similarly to a kind of charged lepton has a non-zero mass responsible as well as for its Coulomb behavior. Such a neutrino can possess both electric charge and vector dipole moment. Their form factors appear, for example, at the polarized neutrino scattering in the field of a spinless nucleus. We derive an equation which relates the masses to a ratio of Dirac and Pauli form factors of each lepton and its neutrino. A new left-right antisymmetric theory of force unification based on a gauge group $SU(2)_{L}$ $\otimes$ $SU(2)_{R}$ $\otimes$ $U(1)$ is suggested. In this theory, the leptons and their neutrinos are united in families not only of the left-handed $SU(2)_{L}$-doublets, but also of the right-handed $SU(2)_{R}$-doublets. Thereby, it predicts the existence in nature of the left (right) dileptons and paradileptons. A formation of any of them is responsible for the legality of conservation of charge, lepton flavors and full lepton number. Therefore, in a given theory the mass, charge and vector dipole moment of the neutrino are proportional, respectively, to the mass, charge and vector dipole moment of a lepton of the same family. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00005: The United Theory of the Two Fields of the Electric and Magnetic Nature Rasulkhozha S. Sharafiddinov One of the most highlighted features of micro-world symmetry laws is the mass-charge duality which involves that the mass and charge of a particle correspond to the two forms of the same regularity of the nature of this field. As a consequence, each type of charge testifies in favor of the availability of a kind of inertial mass. Therefore, from the point of view of a massive Dirac neutrino, any of electrically charged particles may serve as a certain indication to the existence of a kind of magnetically charged monoparticle. At this situation, the same mononeutrino must lead to quantization of electric charges of all neutrinos and vice versa. Such a correspondence principle expresses the fundamental symmetry between the electricity and the magnetism, confirming that the presence of the photon with the electric mass and charge implies the availability of a kind of monophoton with the magnetic mass and charge. From their point of view, the electromagnetic field appears as the field of the unified system of the photon and monophoton where the two pairs of forces of the electric and magnetic nature are united. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00006: ABSTRACT WITHDRAWN |
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T1.00007: The Reduced Density Matrix is Not Applicable to Entangled Particles Where the States of One of the Particles Relevant to the Entanglement are Eliminated before Any Detections are Made Douglas Snyder The applicability of the reduced density matrix is shown to depend on the existence of the states of both of two entangled particles even though the probabilities of the specific states of one of the particles are not known or ignored (traced out). The reduced density matrix is shown theoretically not to be applicable to where the states of one of two entangled particles relevant to the entanglement of the particles are eliminated before any particle detections are made, specifically in the case where the eliminated states had provided which way information to the other particle. In contrast, Cantrell and Scully wrote concerning the use of the reduced density matrix with entangled particles, specifically in EPR: ``If at any time we are asking only about a part (e.g., spin 2 only) of our entire system (e.g., spin 1 and 2 of two entangled particles taken together), we must characterize our system by a reduced density matrix'' (p. 504; Cantrell, C.D. and Scully, M.O. 1978. Physics Reports, 43: 499-508). An experiment is proposed that would test the hypothesis through a delayed choice on the particle whose states relevant to the entanglement can be eliminated, the delayed choice being whether to eliminate these states. If the hypothesis is correct, different distributions (interference or which-way) of the other particle are obtained depending on the delayed choice that is made. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00008: Delayed Choice in Feynman's Neutron Scattering Off a Crystal Experiment: The Effect of Information on the Neutron Distribution Douglas Snyder Feynman (Lect. on Phys., v. 3, 1965, ps. 3-7 to 3-9) maintained in his neutron scattering off a crystal experiment that which-way info can exist even if one does not perform a measurement. This interaction involves a spin flip for both the neutron and nucleus that the neutron scatters off. With the flip, the spin of the nucleus that the neutron scattered off becomes different than the spin direction of all the other nuclei in the crystal that the neutron could have scattered off. The spins of all the other nuclei are the same. It may be possible to eliminate the ww info as long as particle detections have not been made. Through spin-lattice relaxation after the neutron-nucleus interaction occurs, the spin flip of the nucleus would reverse before any detection is made. It would no longer be possible to determine which nucleus the neutron scattered off. The result is only interference in the distribution of the neutrons. This change from ww info to interference would be affected by a change in info regarding the nuclei in the crystal since there is no physical process whereby the change in the nuclei can affect the distribution of the neutrons. Altering relaxation duration relative to neutron detection time could provide a delayed choice. Another possibility would be to shut off the uniform, strong, external magnetic field B, that initially aligns all of the spins of the nuclei along the same axis, after the spin flip and before the neutron is detected. Ww info would be eliminated since the spin directions of all the nuclei would quickly become essentially random. Maintaining or turning off B could be a delayed choice. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00009: On the Compound Structures of the Neutrino Mass and Charge Rasulkhozha S. Sharafiddinov The nature has been created so that to any type of charged lepton corresponds a kind of neutrino. Such pairs are united in families of a definite flavor, confirming that the same neutrino possesses simultaneously both mass and charge. This in turn implies that the force of gravity of the Newton between the two neutrinos may be expressed through the force of the Coulomb among these particles and vice versa. If a given situation follows from a unified principle, the mass and charge of a particle correspond to the most diverse form of the same regularity of the nature of this field. Such a correspondence principle expresses the mass-charge duality. From its point of view, each of all possible types of charges testifies in favor of the existence of a kind of inertial mass. Therefore, to show their features, we have established the compound structures of mass and charge. They can explain also the availability of fundamental differences in the masses as well as in the charges of Dirac and Majorana neutrinos. Thereby, findings show clearly that the standard model construction is not quite in line with nature. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00010: Strong Coupling and ALPHA as Boundary Condtions of Gravity Shantilal Goradia Our quantum mechanical derivation of the strong coupling using modified Newtonian inverse square logic in (1) and the fine structure constant (ALPHA) using Boltzmann expression in our book (2) come close to Einstein (1919) merging nuclear force with gravitation and retracting his cosmological constant. Its conflict with the inflationary aspect of the universe can be reconciled with the possibility that the light coming from the receding galaxies follow a curvilinear path increasing in length due to its ever increasing curvature without receding only in the radial direction. In (1), we implicitly show gravity as nothing but the cumulative effect of quantum mechanical forces, making G vary at different locations in the universe. The subsequent effects of gravitational variation would be on the curvature of the paths of the geodesics they create. Further investigation along these lines is warranted as we do not have unification, evidence of graviton, quantum gravity or anything else very concrete after a century of hard work. Strong coupling and ALPHA may be the boundary conditions of gravitational constants.\\[4pt] [1] Newtonian Gravity in Natural Units, Journal of Physical Science and Application 2 (7) (2012)265-268.\\[0pt] [2] Quantum Consciousness - The Road to Reality. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00011: NUCLEAR PHYSICS |
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T1.00012: Analysis of Systematic Errors in Experimental Measurements of Fundamental Symmetries with Polarized Neutrons Jonathan Serpico, Ivan Novikov Measurements of the fundamental symmetries violation in nuclear reactions with polarized neutrons can provide valuable information on hadronic weak interaction. We have conducted an analysis of systematic sources of error in the measurement of symmetry violation effects due to neutron energy variations and depolarization in the beam. The neutron energy dependence of various observables was calculated in the framework of nuclear resonance reaction theory. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00013: Nucleon and Baryons densities in heavy ion collisions at 1 to 3 GeV/A Hamoud Alharbi, Masaud Almalki Excited Baryons resonance production is investigated within the Ultra-Relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics model (UrQMD). The evolution of density at the collision center for different collision times was investigated. The maximum densities yields at maximum compression time was calculated at deferent projectile energies. Radial and angular distribution for nucleon density was calculated for each collision energy. Baryon resonances produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions are present for time much longer than the free Baryon lifetime would suggest, which means that there is a continues baryon reproduction. Our results was in qualitative agreement with previous calculations using Isospin dependent Quantum Molecular Dynamics (IQMD). [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00014: Charge States of $^{229m}$Th: Path to Finding the Half-Life Molly Wakeling, Jason Burke, Timothy Cordeiro, Grant Salk $^{229}$Th nuclei created from the alpha decay of $^{233}$U were studied using the Time of Flight (TOF) technique by measuring the time difference between alpha particle detection by a silicon detector and $^{229}$Th recoil nuclei detection by a multi-channel plate detector (MCP). The experiments proved that the recoiling $^{229}$Th nuclei were produced in the 1$+$ and greater charge states. This implies that $^{229m}$Th will decay by bound internal conversion, emitting photons that can be detected to measure the half-life of this isomeric state, which is currently unknown. The charge states were observed by measuring the TOF of nuclei coming from an electroplated $^{233}$U (0.2 $\mu $Ci, areal density 0.006 mg/cm$^{2})$ source in vacuum. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00015: Transitions, cross sections and neutron binding energy in $^{186}$Re by Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis A.G. Lerch, A.M. Hurst, R.B. Firestone, Zs. Revay, L. Szentmiklosi, S.R. McHale, J.W. McClory, B. Detwiler, J.J. Carroll The nuclide $^{186}$Re possesses an isomer with 200,000 year half-life while its ground state has a half-life of 3.718 days. It is also odd-odd and well-deformed nucleus, so should exhibit a variety of other interesting nuclear-structure phenomena. However, the available nuclear data is rather sparse; for example, the energy of the isomer is only known to within + 7 keV and, with the exception of the J?=1- ground state, every proposed level is tentative in the ENSDF. Previously, Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) was utilized to study $^{nat}$Re with $^{186,188}$Re being produced via thermal neutron capture. Recently, an enriched $^{185}$Re target was irradiated by thermal neutrons at the Budapest Research Reactor to build on those results. Prompt (primary and secondary) and delayed gamma-ray transitions were measured with a large-volume, Compton-suppressed HPGe detector. Absolute cross sections for each gamma transition were deduced and corrected for self attenuation within the sample. Fifty-two primary gamma-ray transitions were newly identified and used to determine a revised value of the neutron binding energy. DICEBOX was used to simulate the decay scheme and the total radiative thermal neutron capture cross section was found to be 97 +- 3 b [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00016: A nucleon-nucleon central potential derived from a higher-dimensional model Eric Hedin A simple model of a nucleon-nucleon (NN) central potential has been derived [E. R. Hedin, Frontiers of Physics, \textbf{9}(2), 226 (2013)] which quantitatively reproduces the radial profile of leading models, without adjusting any free parameters. This model is based on a theory of extra dimensional confinement of quantum particles [E. R. Hedin, Physics Essays \textbf{25}, 2 (2012)]. Producing an effect identical with the relativistic quantum phenomenon of \textit{zitterbewegung}, the higher-dimensional oscillations of amplitude \textit{h/2}$\pi $\textit{mc} can be viewed as a localized curvature of 3-d space. Minimizing the overlapping curvature (proportional to the energy) of two particles in proximity to each other, subject to the constraint that for the two particles to occupy the same spatial location one of them must be excited into the 1$^{st}$ excited state of the harmonic potential well, gives the desired NN potential. Specifying the nucleon masses, the resulting potential well and repulsive core reproduces the radial profile of other NN central potential models. In addition, the predicted height of the repulsive core, when used to estimate the maximum neutron star mass, matches well with the best estimates from relativistic theory incorporating standard nuclear matter equations of state. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00017: Magnetic dipole excitations of the $^{163}$Dy nucleus Zemine Zenginerler, Emre Tabar, Hakan Yakut, Ali Akbar Kuliev, Ekber Guliyev In this study some properties of the magnetic dipole excitations of the deformed odd mass $^{163}$Dy nucleus were studied by using Quasiparticle-phonon nuclear model (QPNM). The several of the ground-state and low-lying magnetic dipole (M1) mode characteristics were calculated for deformed odd-mass nuclei using a separable Hamiltonian within the QPNM. The M1 excited states, reduced transition probabilities B(M1), the ground-state magnetic properties such as magnetic moment ($\mu$), intrinsic magnetic moment (g$_{\mathrm{K}})$, effective spin factor (g$_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{eff.}})$ are the fundamental characteristics of the odd-mass nucleus and provide key information to understand nuclear structure. The theoretical results were compared with the available experimental data and other theoretical approaches. Calculations show that the spin-spin interaction in this isotopes leads to polarization effect influencing the magnetic moments. Furthermore we found a strong fragmentation of the M1 strength in $^{163}$Dy nucleus which was in qualitative agreement with the experimental data. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00018: Beta decay properties of the collective scissors mode 1$^{+}$-states in $^{50}$Cr Zemine Zenginerler, Hakan Yakut, Ali Akbar Kuliev, Ekber Guliyev The beta decay properties of collective I$^{\pi}$K $=$ 1$^{+}$1 states in doubly even deformed $^{50}$Cr nucleus are investigated in the framework of the random-phase approximation (RPA). The model Hamiltonian includes restoring rotational invariance of the deformed single particle Hamiltonian forces and the spin-spin interactions. The present investigation demonstrates an advantage the rotational invariant model (R-QRPA) over the rotational non-invariant model (RN-QRPA). For a more complete comparison with the experimental data, we calculate to the log ft values as well as the energies and B(M1) value of the excited 1$^{+}$-states. The calculated energy spectrum of $^{50}$Cr nucleus demonstrates a very rich ft strength structure in accordance to experiment. The agreement between the calculated energy spectrum and the logft values of the scissors mode excitations with the available experimental data is quite good. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00019: The investigation of dipole excitations in double-even $^{184}$W nuclei at the spectroscopic energy region Zemine Zenginerler, Filiz Ertugral, Ekber Guliyev, Ali Ekber Kuliev The dipole excitations of double-even nucleus $^{184}$W are studied using the QRPA model with rotational, translational and Galilean invariant Hamilonian. This approach not only gives opportunity to test for the validity of the present theory and it also allows for the interpretation of the experimentally spin unknown states. The analysis of calculation shows that M1 strength, mainly an orbital character predicted from calculations of orbit-to-spin ratio, has a relative contribution, rougly 63 {\%} with summed M1 widths $\Sigma \Gamma_{\mbox{0}}^{red} \left( {M1} \right)=5.3\mbox{\thinspace meV}$between 2\textless $\omega_{i} $\textless 3.7 MeV, to summed ground-state decay widths of dipole mode. The experimental summed widths in the same energy interval is $\Sigma \Gamma _{\mbox{o}}^{red} \left( {\exp .} \right)=$ 4.73 $\pm$1.28 meV. On the other hand, several well pronounced electric dipole K$=$1 excitation in spectroscopic region where mainly fulled with M1 dipole states is predicted. The total E1 widths with K$=$1 is $\Sigma \Gamma_{\mbox{0}}^{red} \left( {E1} \right)=2.62\mbox{\thinspace meV}$(30{\%} of the summed widths), quite close to the experimental value with K$=$0 $\Sigma \Gamma_{\mbox{o}}^{red} \left( {\exp .} \right)=$ 2.09 $\pm$ 0.59 meV. The theory also indicates a few positive ($\Sigma \Gamma_{\mbox{0}}^{red} \left( {M1} \right)=0.24\mbox{\thinspace meV})$ and negative parity $\Sigma \Gamma _{\mbox{0}}^{red} \left( {E1} \right)=0.34\mbox{\thinspace meV}$ with K $=$ 0 states with summed widths, respectively. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00020: Effect of Magnesium and Calcium on Purity of Rice Husk Ash based silicon Gbadebo Taofeek Yusuf This paper describes the effect of reducing agents on purity of rice husk based silicon. The rice husk samples were subjected to thermal treatment at 900$^{\circ}$C to extract the silica. The silica extracted was subsequently analyzed for the initial impurities and treated with magnesium and calcium powder. The silicon obtained when magnesium was used to reduce the silica resulted in higher purity than that of the Calcium. It follows therefore that magnesium is thermodynamically favourable to reduce SiO$_{2}$ than Calcium. However the two products gave silicon purities in the range of 94.93{\%} to 96.03{\%}. The result shows that the range of purity meets the requirement as starting raw material for the semiconductor grade silicon. Keywords: Purity, Rice husk ash, Silicon, Magnesium, Calcium. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00021: FEW BODY SYSTEMS |
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T1.00022: First observation of transfer ionization between Ar$^{+}$ and Br$^{-}$, I$^{-}$ Thomas M. Miller, Nicholas S. Shuman, Albert A. Viggiano, Rainer Johnsen We have studied reactions between noble gas positive ions and atomic halogen negative ions at thermal energies to determine mutual neutralization rate coefficients. In the cases of Ar$^{+}+$ Br$^{-}$ and Ar$^{+}+$ I$^{-}$, we have observed not only mutual neutralization, but also transfer ionization, e.g., yielding Ar $+$ Br$^{+}+$ e$^{-}$ and Ar $+$ I$^{+}+$ e$^{-}$, respectively. The reactions are exothermic at thermal energies, by 0.58 and 2.25 eV, and rate coefficients of 1.9($\pm$ 0.6) $\times$ 10$^{-9}$ and 1.1($+$0.8,-0.3) $\times$ 10$^{-9}$ cm$^{3}$/s, respectively, were measured at 300 K. Transfer ionization accounts for about 40{\%} of the loss of Ar$^{+}$ in reaction with Br$^{-}$ and 6{\%} in the I$^{-}$ case, with the remainder being due to mutual neutralization. Measurements at 400 and 500 K indicate a temperature dependence between T$^{-0.5}$ and T$^{-1}$. In contrast to the Br$^{-}$ and I$^{-}$ cases, the transfer ionization reaction between Ar$^{+}$ and Cl$^{-}$ is endothermic by 0.82 eV, and only the neutralization channel is observed. We surmise that an initial electron transfer takes place in the reaction at an avoided curve crossing. That process may result in excited Ar* (perhaps in a 4s state) with enough energy to ionize Br or I. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00023: Inner shell ionization of H isoelectronic series by electron impact Bidhan Saha, A.K. Basak, M.A. Uddin, A.K.F. Haque An empirical model based on a recent calculation [1] on inelastic interactions of electrons in a medium with approximate expressions for evaluating the differential scattering due to distance and close interactions is reported. It is shown that for inner-shell ionization [2] the two --- \textit{distance and close}--- interactions produce almost identical results and thus the total effect can be taken approximately twice the contribution from the distance interactions. Including both the ionic and relativistic corrections this model is applied to evaluate the K-shell ionization cross sections of both neutral and ionic targets over wide ranges of incident energies with considerable success. Detail of our findings will be presented at the conference. \\[4pt] [1] A. Cengiz, Rad. Phys. Chem. 65 (2002) 33.\\[0pt] [2] AKF Haque, MI Hossain, TI Talukder, M Hasan, A A Uddin, A k Basak, BC Saha and F B Malik, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 91, 50-59 (2013). [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00024: NEW PRECISION MEASUREMENT METHODS |
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T1.00025: Definition of the Neutrosophic Probability Florentin Smarandache Neutrosophic probability (or likelihood) [1995] is a particular case of the neutrosophic measure. It is an estimation of an event (different from indeterminacy) to occur, together with an estimation that some indeterminacy may occur, and the estimation that the event does not occur. The classical probability deals with fair dice, coins, roulettes, spinners, decks of cards, random works, while neutrosophic probability deals with unfair, imperfect such objects and processes. For example, if we toss a regular die on an irregular surface which has cracks, then it is possible to get the die stuck on one of its edges or vertices in a crack (indeterminate outcome). The sample space is in this case: \textbraceleft 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, indeterminacy\textbraceright . So, the probability of getting, for example 1, is less than 1/6. Since there are seven outcomes. The neutrosophic probability is a generalization of the classical probability because, when the chance of determinacy of a stochastic process is zero, these two probabilities coincide. The Neutrosophic Probability that of an event A occurs is \[ NP\left( A \right)=\left( {ch\left( A \right),ch\left( {indet_{A} } \right),ch\left( {\overline A } \right)} \right)=\left( {T,I,F} \right), \] where $T,I,F$ are subsets of $\left[ {0,1} \right]$, and $T$ is the chance that A occurs, denoted \textit{ch(A)}; $I$ is the indeterminate chance related to A, \textit{ch(indeterm}$_{A});$ and $F$ is the chance that A does not occur, $ch\left( {\overline A } \right)$. So, $NP$ is a generalization of the Imprecise Probability as well. If T, I, and F are crisp numbers then: ${ }^{-}0\le T+I+F\le 3^{+}$. We used the same notations (T,I,F) as in neutrosophic logic and set. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00026: An Introduction to Neutrosophic Measure Florentin Smarandache We introduce for the first time the scientific notion of neutrosophic measure. Let $X$be a neutrosophic set, and $\Sigma $ a $\sigma $-neutrosophic algebra over $X$. A neutrosophic measure $\nu $ is defined by $\nu :X\to {\rm R}^{2}$, where $\nu $ is a function that satisfies the following properties: Null empty set:$\nu \left( \Phi \right)=\left( {0,0} \right)$ and Countable additivity (or $\sigma $-additivity): For all countable collections $\left\{ {A_{n} } \right\}_{n\in L} $ of disjoint neutrosophic sets in $\Sigma $, one has: \[ \nu \left( {\bigcup\limits_{n\in L} {A_{n} } } \right)=\left( {\sum\limits_{n\in L} {m\left( {determ\left( {A_{n} } \right)} \right)} ,\mbox{\thinspace }\sum\limits_{n\in L} {m\left( {indeterm\left( {A_{n} } \right)} \right)} } \right) \] \[ \nu \left( A \right)=\left( {measure\mbox{\thinspace }\left( {determ\thinspace part\thinspace of\mbox{\thinspace }A} \right),\mbox{\thinspace }measure\mbox{\thinspace }\left( {indeterm\thinspace part\thinspace of\mbox{\thinspace }A} \right)} \right) \] The neutrosophic measure is practically a double classical measure: a classical measure of the determinate part of a neutrosophic object, and another classical measure of the indeterminate part of the same neutrosophic object. Of course, if the indeterminate part does not exist (or its measure is zero), the neutrosophic measure is reduced to the classical measure. An approximate number $N$ can be interpreted as a neutrosophic measure $N={d}+{i}$, where ${d}$ is its determinate part and ${i}$ its indeterminate part. For example if we don't know exactly a quantity $q$, but only that it is between let's say $q\in \left[ {0.8,0.9} \right]$, then $q=0.8+i$, where 0.8 is the determinate part of $q$, and its indeterminate part $i\in \left[ {0,0.1} \right]$. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00027: ACCELERATORS AND STORAGE RINGS |
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T1.00028: Achieving Higher Energies via Passively Driven X-band Structures Taylan Sipahi, Nihan Sipahi, Stephen Milton, Sandra Biedron Due to their higher intrinsic shunt impedance X-band accelerating structures significant gradients with relatively modest input powers, and this can lead to more compact particle accelerators. At the Colorado State University Accelerator Laboratory (CSUAL) we would like to adapt this technology to our 1.3 GHz L-band accelerator system using a passively driven 11.7 GHz traveling wave X-band configuration that capitalizes on the high shunt impedances achievable in X-band accelerating structures in order to increase our overall beam energy in a manner that does not require investment in an expensive, custom, high-power X-band klystron system. Here we provide the design details of the X-band structures that will allow us to achieve our goal of reaching the maximum practical net potential across the X-band accelerating structure while driven solely by the beam from the L-band system. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00029: The CSU Accelerator and FEL Facility Sandra Biedron, Stephen Milton, Alex D'Audney, Jonathan Edelen, Josh Einstein, John Harris, Chris Hall, Kahren Horovitz, Jorge Martinez, Auralee Morin, Nihan Sipahi, Taylan Sipahi, Joel Williams The Colorado State University (CSU) Accelerator Facility will include a 6-MeV L-Band electron linear accelerator (linac) with a free-electron laser (FEL) system capable of producing Terahertz (THz) radiation, a laser laboratory, a microwave test stand, and a magnetic test stand. The photocathode drive linac will be used in conjunction with a hybrid undulator capable of producing THz radiation. Details of the systems used in CSU Accelerator Facility are discussed. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00030: The origin of mass is velocity of The basic particles Yongquan Han The inside part of substances are composed by the ``prototype'' of electromagnetic waves--- The basic particles are the two particles which moves in circle, the speed of these particles is the result of the mass.internal and external velocity of the objects is zero, the mass of any object is zero too, the mass and velocity Should be proportional, the proportion constant is 4.2 $\times$ 10$^{-45}$, mass depends on velocity and mass is measured on the basis of certain velocity. Electromagnetic waves is the smallest particle that can Independent existence and composition material, Revolving velocity of electromagnetic waves decide thereof colour. Now the objects mass is measured which velocity is 2.13$\times 10^{14}$. All object's temperature is the higher and the higher. The root cause of wave-particle dualism of basic particles is that the two high-speed revolving electrons form flexible ``energy ring,'' the mass of $\gamma $-rays is $2m=2k\times v=2\times 4.2\times 10^{-45}\times \left( {3\times 10^{8}+2.1\times 10^{11}} \right)=1.77\times 10^{-34}$, the visible light mass is 2$m=2k\times v=2\times 4.2\times 10^{-45}\times \left( {3\times 10^{8}+2.1\times 10^{8}} \right)=4.28\times 10^{-36}$ Author: hanyongquan TEL: 15611860790 [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00031: BEAM PHYSICS |
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T1.00032: Discussion of emittance of a low-energy secondary beam from a long particle production target Hisham Sayed, Scoot Berg, Harold Kirk, Kirk McDonald, Robert Palmer Particle production using high power beam impinging on high z material has various applications for muon accelerators and neutrino factories. A key parameter of the secondary beam is its 6D emittance, where a substantial efforts are exerted to cool down the 6D emittance of the secondary beam utilizing ionization cooling techniques. The physics process of particle production creates a secondary beam with a large angular divergence, which leads to a transverse emittance growth. An axially symmetric magnetic field may act as a mitigator (damping effect) to the initial emittance growth of the secondary beam. In this work we show the dependence of the secondary beam transverse and longitudinal emittance on the axially symmetric focusing field within which the particle production takes place. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00033: Multi-particle simulation of Space Charge Dominated Beam Hung-Chun Chao, Shyh-Yuan Lee We develop an efficient multi-particle tracking technique to study space charge effects on beams. The simulation code is used to study the envelope instability and its effect on emittance growth. Furthermore, we examine the feasibility of stopband correction for envelope tune resonance to minimize emittance growth. We also use this code to study other intrinsic space charge resonances. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00034: Relative Determination of Micronutrients of Different Species of Teff (Eragrestis) Seeds of Ethiopia Origin by Calibration Free Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Technique Dilbetigle Assefa Mamo, Ashok K. Chaubey The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique has been used to analysis the multi-component of three different species of Teff seeds (Red, White and Sirgegna) of Ethiopia origin using a second harmonic (532 nm) of a nanosecond Q-switched Nd: YAG laser focused on the surface of the pelletized powder of Teff seed. Based on the idea of the plasma is homogeneous. The seven essential micronutrients in three species of Teff seeds are identified carbon as a matrix element. Electron density and plasma temperature are calculated applying Saha-Boltzmann equation and Boltzmann plot method. And making use of the semi-quantitative method the three species relative concentrations of (Ca, Mg, Al, Si, Mn, Fe and K) are obtained using Calibration Free Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) technique. The result demonstrated that the relative concentrations of the some elements in the species are different. In Red Teff species Ca is more, but Mg is least. On the contrary Mg is high in Sirgegna and White Teff as compared to Red Teff. And High content of Calcium, Magnesium and Iron micronutrients are found in the three species. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00035: COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS |
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T1.00036: Calculation of the Electron Mass From its Fields Joseph Rudmin The masses of the three flavors of the electron are calculated from the electroweak fields. The uncertainty principle provides field reduction at short range. Lagrange's equations for the fields are solved by polynomial approximation (The Parker-Sochacki method). [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00037: Simulation of Polymer Network Formation: Phase Behavior of Aggregating Chains Hamed Mortazavi, Cornelis Storm Filamentous biological materials display highly nonstandard mechanical response, among which a strong tendency to stiffen with increasing strain. This behavior is, in large part, determined by the stiffness of the constituent fibers and the degree of crosslinking among them. To replicate some of the properties of biological materials in a synthetic, self assembling system we study, experimentally and theoretically, the phase behavior of long, repeating copolymer motifs which alternate strongly hydrophobic bis-urea core blocks with long PEG spacers whose length may be varied. By tuning the relative importance of spacer entropy and core attractive energy, these molecules may either collapse, behave as random coils, or form an intermediate, network-like aggregate which shares important morphological characteristics with filamentous bionetworks. We present results from molecular dynamics studies of the phase behavior, and compare to the experimental findings. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00038: ENERGY AND RESEARCH APPLICATIONS |
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T1.00039: Charge Characteristics of Rechargeable Batteries Ponn Maheswaranathan, Cormac Kelly Rechargeable batteries play important role in technologies today and they are critical for the future. They are used in many electronic devices and their capabilities need to keep up with the accelerated pace of technology. Efficient energy capture and storage is necessary for the future rechargeable batteries. Charging and discharging characteristics of three popular commercially available re-chargeable batteries (NiCd, NiMH, and Li Ion) are investigated and compared with regular alkaline batteries. Pasco's 850 interface and their voltage {\&} current sensors are used to monitor the current through and the potential difference across the battery. The discharge current and voltage stayed fairly constant until the end, with a slightly larger drop in voltage than current, which is more pronounced in the alkaline batteries. After 25 charge/discharge cycling there is no appreciable loss of charge capacities in the Li Ion battery. Energy densities, cycle characteristics, and memory effects will also be presented. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00040: Thermodynamic Analysis for Near-field Thermal Radiation: Energy and Entropy Transfer Yi Zheng, Arvind Narayanaswamy It can be argued that what is fundamental to Planck's theory of blackbody radiation is not the concept of the quanta but the concept of entropy of electromagnetic waves. Planck's work relies on the thermodynamic analysis of thermal radiation in a cavity, which requires knowledge of energy, entropy and momentum of photons. Planck's analysis, though, is restricted to the case when near-field effects such as diffraction and tunneling of evanescent waves are absent. We proposed a method to evaluate the entropy density and entropy flux in vacuum between two half-spaces that takes into account near-field effects. It is used to determine the maximum work that can be extracted through near-field radiative transfer between two objects at different temperatures. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00041: The Evaluation and Testing of Various Bladeless Wind Turbine Designs for use as an alternative renewable energy source Ian Agnew, Taylor Ray Over the last two decades wind turbines have proven themselves globally as a reliable, renewable, and clean energy source. Even though wind turbines are simpler in design and do not pollute during operation as compared to conventional energy sources, many improvements can still be made. The design of a bladeless wind turbine offers potential improvements such as cost savings, reduction of operating noise level, simplification of the manufacturing process, reduction of maintenance costs, and incorporation of eco-friendly features. In order to analyze various turbine designs, a wind tunnel with a 30.3cm x 29.1cm test section was constructed at Georgia College. Several different wing sections are being evaluated in order to determine the turbine design and engineered for optimal aerodynamic efficiency over a Range of Reynolds numbers. Other factors like Pressure coefficients and overall drag profile of the designs will also be analyzed as well. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00042: Printable CIGS thin film solar cells Xiaojuan Fan Among the various thin film solar cells in the market, CuInGaSe thin film cells have been considered as the most promising alternatives to silicon solar cells because of their high photo-electricity efficiency, reliability, and stability. However, many fabrication of CIGS thin film are based on vacuum processes such as evaporation sputtering techniques which are not cost efficient. This work develops a method using paste or ink liquid spin-coated on glass that would be to conventional ways in terms of cost effective, non-vacuum needed, quick processing. A mixture precursor was prepared by dissolving appropriate amounts of chemicals. After the mixture solution was cooled, a viscous paste prepared and ready for spin-coating process. A slight bluish CIG thin film substrate was then put in a tube furnace with evaporation of metal Se by depositing CdS layer and ZnO nanoparticle thin film coating to a solar cell fabrication. Structure, absorption spectrum, and photo-conversion efficiency for the as-grown CIGS thin film solar cell under study. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00043: The Human Mind As General Problem Solver, Is Observed To Find ``Best'' Solutions, That Correspond To Highest Mental Coherence: Will Discuss ``sing Glass Type Theory'' of Princeton Physicist J J Hopfield, Points To How Best Use Our Own Human Mind!! Henry Gurr Princeton Physicist J. J. Hopfield's Mathematical Model of the Mammalian Brain, (Similar To Ising Glass Model of a crystal of magnetic spin particles) says our Brain-Work for Memory, Perception, Language, Thinking, etc, (Even the AHA-EUREKA-Flash Of Insight Type Problem Solving), is achieved by our massively inter-connected CNS Neurons ... working together ... MINIMIZING an analog of physical energy ... thus yielding Optimal Solutions: These ``best'' answers, correspond to highest mental coherence, for most facets organism response, beit mental (eg: perception, memory, ideas, thinking, etc) or physical-muscular-actions (eg speaking, tool using, trail following, etc). Our brain is this way, because living creature, MUST be evolved, so they will find {\&} use the best actions, for survival!!! Our human heritage, is to instantly compute near optimal future plans, (mental {\&} physical-muscular), and be able to accomplish plans reliably {\&} efficiently. If you know of book or articles in these topic areas, please email to HenryG---USCA.edu How to work well, with your own ``self'', called mind-body, will follow!! Conjectures: Who is the ``I'' that appears to make decisions? Am ``I'' the master of my domain? Is there an ``I'' or am ``I'' merely an illusion of reality. [Preview Abstract] |
(Author Not Attending)
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T1.00044: A Two Frequency Thermionic Cathode Electron Gun Jon Edelen, Sandra Biedron, John Harris, John Lewellen, Stephen Milton When an un-gated thermionic cathode is operated in an RF gun, some fraction of the emitted electrons will return to the cathode due to the change in sign of the electric field in the gun. This back-bombardment current causes heating of the cathode, and this reduces the ability of the cathode heater to control the bunch charge. In this paper, we investigate the use of a two frequency $TM_{010}$/$TM_{020}$ electron gun to mitigate this effect. Simulations revealed that for a 100-pC bunch charge operating at 10MV/m gradient the harmonic field produced a 63\% reduction in the back-bombardment power. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00045: POSTDEADLINE |
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T1.00046: GPS constellation as a dark matter detector Mac Murphy, Geoffrey Blewitt, Andrei Derevianko Despite solid observational evidence for the existence of dark matter, its nature remains a challenge to modern physics. In this work we use the existing GPS constellation as a 50,000 km-aperture dark matter sensor array. We focus on dark matter in a form of stable configurations of light fields (topological defects or TDs). Such defects may lead to transient changes of particle masses and coupling constants, thereby affecting atomic clock frequencies and clock phases across the GPS constellation. Based on cosmological models, the most probable speed of TDs in the barycentric reference frame is $\sim$ 300 km/sec. A TD sweep across the array would generate step-like functions in clock phase for a period of $\sim$ 200 s for the GPS constellation. Since GPS carrier phase data is acquired with few-mm precision at 1s intervals, detecting $\sim$ 1 ns signals in the atomic clock phase over a 200 s aperture is achievable. Observing such a signature would provide evidence of the existence of TDs with a high confidence level, as there is no known mechanism for background events that would mimic such a signature. We present preliminary results of our analysis. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00047: Magnetic dipolar fields in quasi-one-dimensional paramagnetic metal Li$_{0.9}$Mo$_{6}$O$_{17}$ Guoqing Wu, W. Gilbert Clark, Stuart Brown A general calculation for the magnetic dipolar fields in paramagnetic systems with non-Cartesian lattice coordinates is described and the field in the Q1D metal Li$_{0.9}$Mo$_{6}$O$_{17}$ is calculated with observations at the $^7$Li site. We find that the ``easy axis'' is along the lattice $c$-axis, as it shows that, with sample rotations around the $b$-axis, the so called ``magic angle'' ($\theta_{max}$) corresponding to the magnetic dipolar field minimum is right at the angle 54.7$^\circ$ from the $c$-axis, while the principle axis ($p_{z}$) of the electric field gradient (EFG) is along $a$ as determined from our $^{7}$Li-NMR experiments. Thus the lattice $c$ and $a$ axes are not only the symmetry axes of the lattice structure, but also the symmetry axes for the orientation of the magnetic dipole moments and for the distribution of the surrounding electric charges, respectively. This later character is very unusual as compared with other Q1D and 2D materials. Our calculation also shows that the dipolar field contributes to the local fields significantly at the Li site as one of its major local field sources, with a shift in maximum from $\sim$2ppm above 100 K to $\sim$7ppm at 5 K, agreeing with our $^{7}$Li-NMR experimental observations and helping the property understanding. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00048: Can an E-space Inter-Domain Interaction potential (EIDIP) be the missing block of Unified theory? Michael Hwang A Modified Newtonian Gravitational Potential (MNGP) that has a singularity at a two Normalized Spatial Unit (NSU) distance with a modified gravitational field constant in distance greater than 2 NSU region, and a saturated potential for distance less than 2 NSU region, a different E-space domain. The convolution interaction between two MNGPs results an E-space Inter-Domain Interaction potential (EIDIP), a scalar potential. Between two irrotational objects, the gradient of the scalar EIDIP produces a vector field, EIDIPd; whereas between two rotational objects, the angular EIDIP produces a different vector field, EIDIPr. The EIDIP can be used to model the upper bound of nuclear binding energy and its relationship with Higgs boson mass; the EIDIPd can be used to model the repulsive/attractive characteristic of the inter-nucleon nuclear force and inter-molecule covalent bonding force; the EIDIPr can be used to model the short range asymptotic freedom and long range color confinement behavior of the strong force in the inter-atomic range, and to model the anomalies of Pioneer 10/11 spacecraft sunward acceleration and the galaxy rotational velocity curve at the interstellar distance. A list of null hypothesis testing nodes, extracted from these EIDIP application model simulations and empirical data comparisons, indicates that the EIDIP has a 5 sigma confidence level potential to be the missing blocks in completing the Unified theory. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00049: Advanced radiation protection? Robert Jones In order to have radiation-free nuclear reactions (the purported LENRs) it would be necessary that ``...one could fractionate large MeV quanta into millions or even billions of smaller quanta.'' (P. L. Hagelstein, Infinite Energy, issue 112, page 12, 2013). See also my sci.physics.fusion post of 1 April 2004 and Kan. Sci. Teacher, vol. 7, 12, 1990. If one had such a mechanism it might be even more important for use as general radiation shielding. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00050: ABSTRACT MOVED TO D1.00057 |
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T1.00051: ABSTRACT MOVED TO D1.00058 |
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T1.00052: ABSTRACT MOVED TO D1.00059 |
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T1.00053: ABSTRACT MOVED TO D1.00060 |
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T1.00054: Effective Spectral Function for Neutrino Quasielastic Scattering Event Generators Brian Coopersmith, Arie Bodek, M. Eric Christy The spectral functions that are used in modeling of quasi elastic scattering in neutrino event generators such as GENIE, NEUT, NUANCE and NUWRO event generators include (Global) Fermi gas, local Fermi gas, Bodek-Ritche Fermi gas with high momentum tail, and the Benhar Fantoni spectral function. We find that these spectral functions do not agree with the prediction of $\psi'$ superscaling functions that are extracted from electron quasi elastic scattering data on nuclear targets. It is known that spectral functions do not fully describe quasi elastic scattering because they only model the initial state. Final state interactions distort the shape of the quasi elastic peak, reduce the cross section at the peak and increase the cross section at the tail of the distribution for large energy transfer to final state nucleons. We show that an ``effective spectral function'' can be constructed to reliably reproduce the kinematic distributions predicted by the $\psi'$ super scaling formalism. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00055: General Relativity Explains the Shnoll Effect and Makes Possible Forecasting Earthquakes and Weather Cataclysms Dmitri Rabounski, Larissa Borissova The Shnoll effect is manifested in the fine structure of the noise registered in stable processes, wherein as the magnitude of signal and the average noise remain unchanged. It is periodic fluctuation of the fine structure of the noise according to the cosmic cycles connected with stars, the Sun, and the Moon. The Shnoll effect is explained herein according to General Relativity, as the twin/entangled synchronization states of the observer's reference frame. The states are repeated while the observer travels, in common with the Earth, through the cosmic grid of the geodesic synchronization paths that connect his local reference frame with the reference frames of the other cosmic bodies. These synchronization periods are expected to be existing in the noise of natural processes of any type (physics, biology, social, etc.) and such artificial processes as the random number generation by a computer software. These periods match with the periods of the Shnoll effect. The theory gives not only to explain the Shnoll effect, but also allows forecasting the fluctuations in the stock exchange market, the fluctuations of weather, earthquakes, and other cataclysms. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00056: On gravity, other forces in nature and the creation of mass particles and force fields in the universe Peter Sujak This work derives the relation between the Planck constant and currently valid Einstein's gravitational constant $h/c=\kappa =8\pi G/c^{4}=2.13-2.21\times 10^{-42}$. The relation between the Planck constant and Newton's gravitational, between the Planck constant and 1 Coulomb and 1 Henry is deduced. This work establishes that the Planck constant represents the density of momentum of the void space in the Universe, and momentum of a photon $p=h/\lambda $ represents the compression of this density, and that the momentum of the photon $p=h/\lambda_{o} $ inevitably equals internal momentum of created proton by $p_{pi} =h/\lambda_{o} =m_{p} c$. In this work, we state that through generating mass particles, by compressing the density of momentum of the vacuum into a photon and bring this photon to stop, we concurrently generate a gravitational field of these particles. The value of momentum of the gravitational field on the surface of the proton is equal in size, but reversely oriented to the value of the internal momentum of the proton in explicit direction as $p_{pi} /\pi =h /\lambda_{o} =m_{p} c/\pi $. This work proves that gravitational force has its opposite force in the internal momentum of atomic particles of matter. This work maintains that the essence of the composition of all mass matter, as well as force fields in its vicinity, are created in full by the compression of the momentum of the void space in the universe. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00057: A Deep Chandra X-Ray Limit on the Putative IMBH in Omega Centauri Daryl Haggard, Adrienne Cool, Craig Heinke, Roeland van der Marel, Haldan N. Cohn, Phyllis Lugger, Jay Anderson We report a sensitive X-ray search for the proposed intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) in the Galactic cluster, $\omega$ Centauri. Combining Chandra X-ray data from Cycles 1 and 13, we obtain a deep ($\sim$291 ks) exposure of the central regions of the cluster. We find no evidence for an X-ray point source near any of the cluster's proposed dynamical centers, and place an upper limit on the X-ray flux from a central source of f$_X$(0.5-7.0 keV) $\le$ 5.0 $\times$ 10$^{-16}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. This corresponds to an unabsorbed X-ray luminosity of L$_X$(0.5-7.0 keV) $\le$1.6 $\times$ 10$^{30}$ erg s$^{-1}$, for a cluster distance of 5.2 kpc, Galactic column density N$_H$ = 1.2 $\times$ 10$^{21}$ cm$^{-2}$, and power-law spectrum with $\Gamma = 2.3$. If a $\sim 10^4$ M$_{sum}$ IMBH resides in the cluster's core, as suggested by some stellar dynamical studies, its Eddington luminosity would be L$_{Edd} \sim 10^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$. The new X-ray limit would then suggest an Eddington ratio $\sim$10 lower than even the quiescent state of our Galaxy's notoriously inefficient supermassive black hole Sgr A*. This study leaves open three possibilities: either $\omega$ Cen does not harbor an IMBH or, if an IMBH does exist, it must experience very little or very inefficient accretion. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00058: The First Two Years of Electromagnetic Follow-Up with Advanced LIGO and Virgo Benjamin Farr, Leo Singer, Larry Price, Alex Urban, Chris Pankow, John Veitch, Salvatore Vitale, Will Farr, Chad Hanna, Kipp Cannon, Tom Downes, Philip Graff, Carl-Johan Haster, Mandel Ilya, Sidery Trevor, Vecchio Alberto We anticipate the first direct detections of gravitational waves later this decade with Advanced LIGO and Virgo. Though these first discoveries will be seminal on their own, they may also have electromagnetic counterparts. During the first two years of operation, 2015 through 2016, we expect the global gravitational-wave detector array to undergo several important changes: increased sensitivity and livetime, as well as expansion from two detectors to three. We model the detection rate and the sky localization accuracy across this transition by analyzing a large, astrophysically motivated population of simulated binary neutron star mergers using detection and sky localization codes that have been expressly built for real-time operation in the Advanced LIGO/Virgo era. We also evaluate how the localization of sources will evolve, from minutes to hours after detection, as more detailed analyses are completed. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00059: Long Term Multiplication Behavior Studies of the 30cmx 30cm prototype Gas electron Multiplier Ying Wun Yvonne Ng, Jaehoon Yu, Seongtae Park, Andy White The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology is one of the next generation radiation detector technologies that utilized the ionization in gaseous medium and the electron avalanche to detect a magnified charge value from various radiation and charge particles. With its low building cost, low discharge rate and high resolution, GEM is currently being considered to be one of the candidate gap detectors for the International Linear Collider (ILC) in Japan. It is therefore of crucial for us to study the long term stability of amplification power of the detector. Using cosmic radiation as our radiation source, data has been taken continuously in the past 2 years by the high energy physics group in University of Texas at Arlington to characterize the stability of the 30cmx30cm detector. Effect of atmospheric pressure to the detector amplification is eliminated by a correction algorithm. Noise study has been done to eliminate excessive noise produced by the detector as well as its readout chip. Result shows that the detector gives us a stable 35fC average MPV for the cosmic MIPs with few fC of chamber noise and about 0.5 of chip noise. GEM should work well as a digital calorimeter for uses in the ILC project. [Preview Abstract] |
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T1.00060: Analyzing SN 2010ih Dorothy Dickson-Vandervelde SN 2010ih is a type Ia supernova, which is thought to come from a binary star system in which at least one of the stars is a white dwarf. The white dwarf gains mass until it reaches the Chandrasekhar limit, where the pressure and temperature set off a runaway thermonuclear explosion. We plan to analyze the light curve of the supernova to characterize late-time behavior. We reduced images of Supernova 2010ih taken with the 4m Mayall Telescope using the software Image Reduction and Analysis Facility (IRAF). I removed bad pixels and crosstalk, subtracted the darks and the zeros, divided out the flats, fit the image to a world coordinate system, and then combined the images into a final image, for each filter; B, V, R, and I. After achieving the four final images, I then performed photometry to find the magnitude for the supernova and thirty field stars. [Preview Abstract] |
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