Bulletin of the American Physical Society
2005 APS April Meeting
Saturday–Tuesday, April 16–19, 2005; Tampa, FL
Session D1: Poster Session I |
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Room: Marriott Tampa Waterside Florida Salon IV-V |
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D1.00001: ASTROPHYSICS
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D1.00002: The Liquid Sodium Dynamo Experiment, NMTech and LANL Stirling Colgate, Hui Li, Dave Westpfahl, Howard Beckley, Rocky Giananni, Travis McKinnley, Timothy Mickey Stirling Colgate, Hui Li, LANL, D Westpfahl, H Beckley, R Giananni, T McKinnley, T Mickey NMIMT. The liquid sodium $\alpha \omega$ dynamo experiment is designed to demonstrate how magnetic fields are generated in AGN and stars. Naturally occurring large scale astrophysical flows, Keplerian and star-disk driven plumes or convection create large scale $\alpha \omega$ dynamos where turbulence is less important. The experiment consists of two coaxial cylinders, $r_1 = 15$ cm, $r_2 = 30$ cm, $\Omega_1 / \Omega_2 = 4$ at limiting stable Couette flow, with conducting liquid sodium between them. We calculate and expect that the shear of the rotational flow in the conducting fluid will convert a radial, quadrupole bias field into a stronger, x20 toroidal field, Rm = 120. This will demonstrate the $\omega$ gain of the dynamo. The MRI will be tested for dynamo gain. The $\alpha$ gain will require a modification to inject helicity by axial plumes as in convection in a rotating frame. These plumes periodically displace and rotate a fraction of the toroidal field back into poloidal field and thus achieve gain. The apparatus has been built and tested with hot oil in the laboratory and has demonstrated stable Couette flow. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00003: Our Sun's Center-to-Limb Redshift: A Puzzle Charles Gallo After the red/blue-shift due to our Sun's rotation is subtracted from the data, there remains a puzzling center-to- limb redshift which incereases by a 3:1 ratio at the limb. This variation contrasts to the expected gravitational redshift that should be independent of center-to-limb position. The observed functional variation is consistent with a photon energy-loss mechanism in the Sun's ``plasma atmosphere.'' Several different energy-loss redshift mechanisms have been proposed including Compton, Plasma, pseudo-Raman, etc redshifts. Where possible, these proposals are quantitatively examined and critiqued. If the Sun's expected theoretical Gravitational redshift is subtracted form the data, there remains a puzzling Blueshift at the center which gradually transforms to a Redshift at the limb. The possible origins(s) of this complex behavior will be discussed including the Solar wind, convection Doppler-shifts, and the Wolf redshift mechanism. This important Solar center-to- limb redshift data can serve as a testing ground for some energy-loss (non-Doppler/Expansion) redshift mechanisms since the electron density vs altitude is known. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00004: Matching Scherrer's k essence argument with behavior of scalar fields permitting derivation of a cosmological constant Andrew Beckwith We previously showed that we can use particle - antiparticle pairs as a model of how nucleation of a new universe occurs. We now can construct a model showing evolution from a dark~matter dark~energy mix to a pure cosmological constant cosmology due to changes in the slope of the resulting scalar field, using much of Scherrers k-essence model. This same construction permits a use of the speed of sound, in k essence models evolving from zero to one. Having the sound speed eventually reach unity permits matching conventional cosmological constant observations in the aftermath of change of slope of a S-S' pair during the nucleation process of a new universe. This also assumes that Scherrer's derivation of a sound speed being zero is appropriate during initial inflationary cosmology [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00005: Using fluctuations of Entropy as a starting point for obtaining behavior of scalar fields permitting collapse of thin wall approximation Andrew Beckwith We have shown that a scalar field can be used, employing Scherrer's k~essence cosmological sound calculation, to model how we evolve from a dark matter-dark energy mix to a cosmological constant. Here, we are exploring what initiates the decay of the near perfect thin wall approximation on that scalar field to circumstances permitting a k~essence speed-of-sound argument in favor of traditional models of Einstein's cosmological constant as a driving force for inflationary expansion. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00006: Electromagnetic gravitation Dr. Jerry Montgomery Recent analysis of radio metric data from several space probes deployed by NASA indicate that they are being slowed by an anomalous constant acceleration with an average magnitude of$\approx 8\times 10^{-10}m/s^2$ oriented with respect to the sun. Analysis of their slowdown, in addition to many other anomalous astrophysical phenomena indicates that a negative curvature of the space-time continuum is produced by the electromagnetic radiation of the sun. The acceleration appears to have a close relation to the wavelength $\lambda _{\max } $at which the sun radiates most intensely. The evidence that supports our hypothesis may also provide solutions to the flat rotation curve of the galaxy, and rogue stars and planets within the galaxy. Calculations using the data concerning the four probes result in the formula $-a=\hbar \frac{c^2}{\lambda _{\max } }$ which expresses a negative acceleration that is proportional to the speed of light divided by the peak wavelength, multiplied by a new constant $k$. The evidence also gives a strong indication that light, in addition to its particle-wave nature, produces gravitational field-like characteristics through interacting with the space-time continuum. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00007: Active-Sterile Neutrino Transformation: Consequences for Supernova Nucleosynthesis Joshua Beun, Rebecca Surman, Gail McLaughlin, William Hix We consider a fourth, sterile neutrino and study the implications for core collapse supernovae. In particular we consider the effect of such an additional neutrino on the nucleosynthesis which occurs in the neutrino driven wind. We present calculations of neutrino flavor transformation coupled to a nuclear reaction network. We comment on the prospects for obtaining the r-process elements in this scenario. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00008: Massive Black Hole Binary Merger Rates in a Hierarchical Model of Structure Formation Emily Alicea-Mu\~{n}oz, John Baker, Joan Centrella, Pablo Laguna, Richard Matzner With the future launch of LISA, it is important to predict massive black hole binary merger rates since these events at high-redshifts will account for a majority of the sources of low-frequency gravitational waves to be detected. We use the semi-analytical Press-Schechter formalism to calculate the abundance of dark matter halos of various masses, which harbor massive black holes at their centers, from redshifts $z=20$ to $z=0$. We adpot a $\Lambda$CDM cosmological model with an $n=1$ power-law primordial power spectrum convolved with a smoothing filter function. Following the approach of Wyithe \& Loeb (2003), we expect to calculate the black hole mass function at different redshifts. We also aim to improve on their expected merger rates and gravitational wave signatures by using the cosmological parameters determined by WMAP, thus expanding our understanding of how black holes assemble and grow. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00009: Nature of Gravity Wave[1] J.X. Zheng-Johansson, P-I. Johansson, R. Lundin %________________Symbole Definition:___________ \def\w{\omega}\def\eng{\in}\def\g{\gamma}\def\W{{\mit \Omega}} \def\Lam{{\mit\Lambda}}\def\lam{\lambda}\def\Eb{{\bf E}}\def\X {{\cal X}}\def\Rb{{\bf R}} %________________ABSTRAT:________________ As direct Newton-Maxwell solutions for particle formation, we obtain: (1) An oscillatory charge $|q_i|=e$ of any sign and the electromagnetic waves generated by it (of an angular frequency $\w_i$ and traveling at the velocity of light $c$), called as a whole a basic particle, has a mass $m_i= \hbar \w_i /c^2$, $2 \pi\hbar $ being Planck constant. (2) Two such particles, $i,j=1,2$, separated $R$ apart in a dielectric vacuum will, in their mutual radiation depolarization-electric-field ($E_{pol.i} (\Rb_j;T)=-\X E_i (\Rb_j;T)$) and magnetic-field ($B_i(\Rb_j;T) =E_i(\Rb_j;T)/c$), act on each other a mutual RDM Lorentz force $F_g=Gm_1m_2/R^2$, where $G=\X \mu_0^2e^4c^4/4 \pi\rho_l\hbar^2$, $\X$ is the susceptibility, $\mu_0$ permeability and $\rho_l$ linear mass density of the medium. $F_g$ is always attractive and identifiable as Newton's gravity, and accordingly $G$ the universal gravitational constant. (3) The RDM radiation fields, $E_{pol.i},B_i$, accordingly make up the gravity wave, which is transverse and has a wave velocity equal to $c$. (4) This gravity can penetrate any material objects on the way, whilst a radiation force (always repulsive) will not, yielding as net result a gravity between two large bodies composed of the aforesaid particles. \quad [1] J. X. Zheng-Johansson and P-I. Johansson, with Foreword by Prof. R. Lundin, ``Unification of Classical, Quantum and Relativistic Mechanics and of the Four Forces" (Nova Science, 2005); physics/0411245; physics/0501037; Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., C1 (2004). [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00010: Zenith Angle Dependence of Prompt Muon and Neutrino Fluxes in High Energy Cosmic Ray Showers Louis Licate, Gintaras Duda Upon entering Earth's atmosphere high energy cosmic rays generate a shower of particles in which high energy muons and neutrinos are created. These high energy ($\ge$ 10$^6$ TeV) particles can mimic signals coming from astrophysical sources currently hunted for by neutrino telescopes. In particular, the prompt component of such showers is important as prompt muons and neutrinos dominate over conventional particles at higher energies. We simulate the flux of prompt muons and neutrinos using pQCD calculations with NLO corrections to charm production cross sections. Prompt muon and neutrino fluxes for UHERC with non-zero zenith angles will be presented. Implications for backgrounds at neutrino telescopes will also be discussed. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00011: Monte Carlo studies on the response of the TRACER cosmic ray detector Christian Hoeppner, Maximo Ave, Patrick Boyle, Joerg Hoerandel, Masakatsu Ichimura, Florian Gahbauer, Dietrich Muller, Andrew Romero-Wolf, Scott Wakely TRACER (Transition Radiation Array for Cosmic Energetic Radiation) is a large area balloon-borne detector for the determination of the energy spectra of heavy cosmic ray nuclei ($8\le Z \le 26$) in the energy range from $\sim 500$ MeV/nucleon up to $\sim 10$ TeV/nucleon. The key component of TRACER is an array of 1600 single wire proportional tubes. The tube array provides the trajectory of the particle and also the Lorentz factor from the measurement of specific ionization loss (dE/dx) and transition radiation. The trajectory reconstruction procedure is complex and Monte Carlo studies are essential for the development of the algorithm. A full Monte Carlo simulation has been developed for TRACER using GEANT4. In addition to track reconstruction the simulation investigates important instrument characteristics such as geometric aperture, intrinsic resolution, $\delta$-ray contribution to the signals, calibration of energy measurements, deconvolution of energy spectra and determination of particle fluxes. We shall describe in detail the Monte Carlo studies and compare them to data obtained during a long duration balloon flight in 2003. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00012: Changing universe model of the cosmic microwave background, early type galaxies, redshift, and discrete redshifts John Hodge Developing the changing universe model (CUM) toward an alternate cosmological model provides motivation to investigate cosmological observations. The black body nature of the CMB is consistent with the CUM. Since the CUM posits the photons are quantized, positing quantum oscillators in the wall of the black body cavity is unnecessary. The CMB temperature and mass content of our universe is controlled by a feedback mechanism. If our universe is stable, the temperature of the CMB radiation should be 2.718 K. The CUM suggests the higher measured CMB temperature indicates an imbalance between energy injection and energy ejection rates of the Sources and Sinks. Several differences among galaxy types suggest that spiral galaxies are Sources and that early type and irregular galaxies are Sinks. The redshift calculation explored previously (SESAPS '04,session GD 15) is improved. Further, the CUM suggests the discrete variations in redshift, reported by W. G. Tifft, 1997, Astrophy. J. 485, 465 (and references therein) and confirmed by others, are consistent with the Sink's effect on redshift in clusters. Full text: http://web.infoave.net/~scjh. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00013: Cluster Arc Statistic Shirley Chan Wan Ho, Martin White We study the strong gravitational lensing properties of galaxy clusters obtained from N-body simulations with standard $\Lambda$CDM cosmology. We have used the $32$ most massive clusters from a simulation at various redshifts and ray-traced through the clusters to investigate the giant arcs statistics. We have investigated the prevalence of multiple arc system, by looking at the multiple arc fraction (defined in the paper) systematically in various clusters and we have found that $\sim 40-50\%$ of the clusters that produce giant arcs give multiple arcs, which agrees with the RCS{\sc ii} observations. We have also investigated the mass distributions that are efficient in lensing, discussed effects of source sizes and various other factors that are very important in the formation of giant arcs. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00014: Astrophysics, Astronomy, Cosmology, Nuclear Physics,TOE, GUT, Dark Energy, Repulsion Gravity and the Original Cosmos, Attraction/Repulsion Gravity and the Self-Creating Universe, and the answer to the question of ``What triggered Creation?''* Bruce Terry This work is comprised of the answer to what triggered creation,the full description of a prior cosmos that did not need to be created and the description of our new and different cosmos. Although our cosmos was derived from the first cosmos needing no creator, ours still had to be created. ``What triggered Creation'' describes in full detail how our here and now Attraction Gravity Cosmos suddenly burst forth from the first in being cosmos. This first cosmos was composed entirely of a self-imposed,naturally formed,repulsive and self- regulating force (dark matter)that kept itself within the boundaries of an eternal static/semi-static state of being. This state of being was also infinite. It is obvious that an eternal,infinite cosmic circumstance such as what the Repulsion Gravity Cosmos presents,could not produce an instant and infinite ``everywhere'' information carrying light dispersing systemabout our newly forming cosmos/universe. This developing system needed a central place of beginning followed by the support of a (continually converting)domino effect. This place of origin not only had to self-create a circumstance that began the conversion of the totally self-sustaining repulsive force into an attraction force fostering evolution,but had to begin an entirely new cosmos composed of both forces. *APS Division of Astrophysics **more information at scuinc.com [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00015: Evolution of Cosmology Charles H. Ross Aristotle thought that the universe was finite and Earth centered. Newton thought that it was infinite. Einstein guessed that the universe was finite, spherical, static, warped, and closed. Hubble's 1930 discovery of the expanding universe, Penzias and Wilson's 1968 discovery of the isotropic CMB, and measurements on light element abundances, however, established a big bang origin. Vera Rubin's 1980 dark matter discovery significantly impacted contending theories. However, 1998 is the year when sufficiently accurate supernova and primordial deuterium data was available to truly explore the universe. CMB anisotropy measurements further extended our cosmological database in 2003. On the theoretical side, Friedmann's 1922 perturbation solution of Einstein's general relativity equations for a static universe has shaped the thought and direction in cosmology for the past 80 years. It describes 3D space as a dynamic function of time. However, 80 years of trying to fit Friedmann's solution to observational data has been a bumpy road - resulting in such counter-intuitive, but necessary, features as rapid inflation, precision tuning, esoteric dark matter, and an accelerating input of esoteric dark energy. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00016: Cosmological Photons Robert Driscoll Assumed: photon has electric dipole moment P (Ref. 1) normal to its spin, rotating at photon frequency f, radiating classically. Then: hdf$/$dt = cdf$/$dx = -[4($\pi ^{3})/$3] ($\mu /$hc) [(f$^{2}$P)$^{2}$]; c: standard light speed; x: photon distance from source; $\mu $: vacuum magnetic permeability; h: Planck's constant. Earlier shown (Ref. 2) from Hubble's data: (P'$^{2})$(f'$^{3})$ = 8.8E(-39) S.I.; f': photon emission frequency; P': P at emission. Observations of type Ia supernovae and the present study (Refs. 3,4): there must be a relation between P and f; simplest is P$^{2}$ = Q(f$^{n})$. Q: fitting constant; n: any real number. Comparison of normalized luminosity distances and theoretical coordinate distances gives n = -1.53, with standard deviation 0.013. Speculation: finite graviton half-life T limits general relativistic relations to a sphere of radius cT/2; the universe is infinite and nonexpanding. \newline \newline 1. N. Fortson, P Sandars and S. Barr, \textit{Physics Today} $56$, 33 (June 2003). \newline 2. R. B. Driscoll, \textit{Physics Essays} (in press). \newline 3. A. G. Riess \textit{et al.,} \textit{Astrophysics Journal} \textit{687}, 665 (2004). 4. R. B. Driscoll, \textit{Physics Essays} (under review). [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00017: Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) Spectral Response Ann Parsons The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) is one of three telescopes aboard the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer that was launched on November 20, 2004. Swift's primary purpose is to identify and localize astronomical gamma-ray bursts and study their X-ray, UV and optical afterglow emission within seconds of the burst trigger. BAT provides the initial burst positions, as well as gamma-ray light curves and spectra within a 15-150 keV band. BAT is a coded aperture imaging telescope with a wide (2 sr) field of view consisting of a large coded mask located 1 m above a 5200 cm$^2$ array of 32,768 CZT detectors. A spectral response function has been developed which transforms an incident source photon spectrum into a mask-weighted counts spectrum as measured by BAT. We will present our BAT spectral model which is based on the physical properties of the CZT detectors. We will report on the results of on-orbit calibration measurements of the BAT spectral response and will compare these results to those derived from ground calibration measurements. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00018: CASTER - A Concept for a Black Hole Finder Probe based on the Use of New Scintillator Technologies Mark McConnell, Peter Bloser, Gary Case, Michael Cherry, James Cravens, T. Gregory Guzik, Kevin Hurley, R. Marc Kippen, John Macri, Richard Miller, William Paciesas, James Ryan, Bradley Schaefer, J. Gregory Stacy, W. Thomas Vestrand, John Wefel The primary scientific mission of the Black Hole Finder Probe (BHFP), part of the NASA Beyond Einstein program, is to survey the local Universe for black holes over a wide range of mass and accretion rate. One approach to such a survey is a hard X-ray coded aperture imaging mission operating in the 10-600 keV energy band, a spectral range that is considered to be especially useful in the detection of black hole sources. The development of new inorganic scintillator materials provides improved performance (for example, with regards to energy resolution and timing) that is well suited to the BHFP science requirements. Detection planes formed with these materials coupled with a new generation of readout devices represent a major advancement in the performance capabilities of scintillator-based gamma cameras. Here, we discuss the Coded Aperture Survey Telescope for Energetic Radiation (CASTER), a concept that represents a BHFP based on the use of the latest scintillator technology. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00019: Application of Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) in a Dual-Phase XenonIonization Detector Roman Gomez, Uwe Oberlack We present progress on the operation of GEMs in a high-purity, dual-phase liquid/gas Xenon detector for possible application in Dark Matter search, such as with the XENON time projection chamber (TPC). The TPC will ultimately detect both ionization charge and UV scintillation light from interactions of gamma-rays or WIMPs with the dense liquid. Our current test chamber deals with ionization only. A GEM is a thin, densely perforated polymer foil with copper coating on both sides. Application of voltage between the metal films leads to high electric fields inside the small holes, in which drifting electrons are multiplied. GEMs have been successfully employed in various applications, where large internal charge gain is required. For the situation of a cryogenic (165 K) xenon detector, several issues need to be addressed to exploit the power of GEMs: Proper stretching of the foil under thermal cycling, impact on xenon purity, where electronegative impurities need to be kept below the ppb level, and the achievable charge gain under conditions near the xenon triple point and with a large drift field of several kV/cm. We report on the status of these studies. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00020: Linear Analysis of Sheared Flow and Magnetic Shear in Astrophysical Jets L.F. Wanex, R. Presura, V.I. Sotnikov, A. Esaulov A linear analysis of sheared flow in MHD jets with sheared helical magnetic fields is presented. A general set of ideal MHD equations allows the investigation of current driven instabilities in jet plasmas with both magnetic and flow shear included in the equilibrium profile. These equations are integrated numerically by following the linear development in time of an initial perturbation to the plasma equilibrium. This method has shown that sheared flow and sheared magnetic fields will reduce the growth of current driven instabilities in Z - pinch plasmas.\footnote{L. F. Wanex \it et al.\rm, accepted Phys. Plasmas.} Here we apply this method to plasmas with equilibrium profiles that have been used to model astrophysical jets.\footnote{S. Appl \it et al.\rm, Astron Astrophys., 355, 818, (2000)} These results will be compared with full 3D ideal MHD simulations. The stabilizing effect of sheared flow and sheared magnetic fields may contribute to astrophysical jet collimation. Laboratory experiments are proposed to verify this hypothesis. The scaling of these experiments to astrophysical jets will also be presented. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00021: VBNLTrak: An Interactive Graphical Post Processor for the TriComp Particle Accelerator Modeling Suite. Andrew Siemion, Ahovi Kponou We present the development of the application VBNLTrak, an interactive graphical post-processor for some components of Field Precision's TriComp 2D suite of finite element (FE) electrostatic and magnetostatic field solution and charged particle orbit tracking programs. VBNLTrak serves as an alternative post-processing tool to VTrak, one of the visualization routines distributed with the TriComp suite. VBNLTrak includes a number of upgrades to VTrak, including the addition of an interactively resizable graphical windowing/layering system with overlay, new plot types which allow the display of axial electric potential, axial magnetic field magnitude, and beam emittance and a full range of customization options which allow the user much improved control over plot style, annotation and inclusions. VBNLTrak was written for the Windows environment using a combination of Compaq Visual Fortran and the Winteracter Graphics Libraries. Here we describe the upgrades and additions instituted in VBNLTrak and detail methods used to interpret TriComp solution files. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00022: FEW-BODY SYSTEMS
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D1.00023: GRAVITATION
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D1.00024: There are NO ``Gravity'' Waves Ronald Kotas General Relativity envisions that a movement, or collapse of mass, will emit a gravity wave. Such an event would produce an electromagnetic wave, but not a mechanical - General Relativity type of wave. No one can explain how under General Relativity mass would cause some effect on space or time space. There is no explainable way that a mass can effect another mass at a distance. Therefore, this fallacy concept is not a true picture or functioning of physical science. The so-called proofs of General Relativity must be in total question. The bending of light and RF in the vicinity of the Sun is not General Relativity, but is refraction because of the very high temperature and activity of the corona. The Mercury perihelion advancement is such a small manifestation it is not a proof of General Relativity. The dynamic 2/3rds ratio of Mercury's day-to-year ratio is profound and is a Nuclear Quantum Gravitational function. The Red Shift is a Quantum Gravitational effect and not a General Relativity effect. The so-called gravitational lens is also where refraction of gaseous matter, dust matter and dark matter are not considered. It should be perfectly clear that General Relativity has no definitive proofs; and it is Nuclear Quantum Gravitation - Electromagnetic Gravity and Gravitation with its 18 proofs and indications that explains all of Gravity and Gravitation. It's an Electromagnetic Universe. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00025: Deciphering the Quantum Vacuum John Polasek Our investigation finds that the quantum vacuum is a dense matrix of e-p+ pairs, together with their exact spacing and other characteristics. The extreme density forces us to conclude that the quantum vacuum is actually a solid space beyond the vacuum, accessible only to electric fields. Among other data we identify a least distance and a highest frequency to alleviate renormalization problems in quantum electrodynamics. The overall findings point to a total revision of physics. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00026: Gravity Cancellation in Plants Orvin Wagner I have measured a 22{\%} reduction in gravity, at maximum sap flow, with an accelerometer placed in a small hole in a tree. Accelerometer manipulation indicates a possible reduction of 100{\%} changing the geometry. This agrees with the author's related work indicating that plants are regulated by gravity related standing waves. There apparently are a limited set of plant internodal spacings (representing half wavelengths) and corresponding harmonically related frequencies. These repeat from plant to plant and from species to species. Measuring the angle of growth of a straight portion of a branch with respect to the horizontal or vertical most often yields an integral multiple of 5$^{o}$ with respect to the horizontal or vertical. Plants are well known to grow correction tissue to correct artificially produced angle errors. The velocities of the waves in plants are integral multiples of a basic velocity like 48cm/s, much greater than ionic velocities. Disturbing the standing waves in one tree seems to disturb the standing waves in nearby trees. The waves causing the disturbance are found to travel at about 5m/s horizontally in air (and probably vacuum) thus they are not sound waves. See chatlink.com/$\sim $oedphd. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00027: Gravity Related Standing Waves in Plants Claudia Wagner, Orvin Wagner Leaf and branch spacing are termed internodal spacings (1/2 wavelengths here) in the literature. There is apparently a unique set of available 1/2$\lambda $' s with the choice determined by growing conditions. The ratio of the usually larger vertical velocity to the horizontal wave velocity is apparently determined by the genotype and shapes the plant. The ratio for a particular plant can often be found by measuring several hundred vertical and horizontal spacings and taking reciprocals. Then find the horizontal reciprocal average A$_{h }$and do the same for the vertical to get A$_{v}$ Then equating frequencies v$_{v}$A$_{v}$=v$_{h}$A$_{h}$ (also equals similar terms for other 5$^{o}$ integral$^{ }$multiples) gives v$_{v}$/v$_{h}$=A$_{h}$/A$_{v}$. Standard deviations for A$_{v}$ and A$_{h}$ are in the range of 15-50{\%}. The ratios, however, are nearly exactly (usually within 1{\%}) ratios of small integers like 3/1 for Ponderosa pine.$_{ }$In species, where higher frequencies dominate, one can often measure cell lengths as half wavelengths and similarly arrive at the velocity ratio. Velocities are found by disturbing the standing waves and plotting the resultant electrical signal from spaced probes as a function of time. See chatlink.com/$\sim $oedphd [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00028: Perfecting E=mc2 N. Glenn Gratke Einstein failed to complete his famous equation E=mc2. Perfecting E=mc2 now suggests a solution for the Unified Field Theory. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00029: Hypothetical geometric expansion with two dimensions of time John Kulick A geometric expansion of the space-time metric is described by a set of field equations that preserve the proportional relationships of local measures, including those associated with fundamental constants, yet predicts that from a historical perspective the effect of gravity should be a function of cosmic time. The necessity for dark matter to preserve celestial stability can be significantly reduced. [Preview Abstract] |
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D1.00030: Pioneer 10 Anomaly explained by ``new physics'' John Polasek Pioneer 10's unexplained acceleration can be simply explained by a new theory, the theory of Dual Space. It is based on a modified Newton's equation together with expansion of the universe at the velocity of light. This explanation (which is taken from Chap. 13 of a 24 chapter book) will necessarily be extremely condensed, using a minimum of Dual Space principles as necessary. [Preview Abstract] |
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